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Northeadish: Difference between revisions
→Possessives & other Determiners (‘my’, ‘this’, ‘which’, &c)
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===Possessives & other Determiners (‘my’, ‘this’, ‘which’, &c)=== | ===Possessives & other Determiners (‘my’, ‘this’, ‘which’, &c)=== | ||
Possessives, demonstratives, and other determiners decline like ''ēn'', but also have a plural. (''Ēn'' does have a plural which is used in very specific circumstances, but in those cases it is not considered a determiner.) All determiners in Northeadish end in ‹n›, ‹r›, ‹ʀ›, ‹s›, or ‹t›. Each will have a slightly different declension depending on this final letter. | Possessives, demonstratives, and other determiners decline like ''ēn'', but also have a plural. (''Ēn'' does have a plural which is used in very specific circumstances, but in those cases it is not considered a determiner.) All determiners in Northeadish end in ‹n›, ‹r›, ‹ʀ›, ‹s›, or ‹t›. Each will have a slightly different declension depending on this final letter. (NB: These are not dissimilar to the declension of adjectives, but since these words are used more frequently and have a few other quirks, I do not want to conflate the two categories here.) | ||
====‹n›-stem==== | |||
All determiners which end in ‹n› follow the first paradigm, which is like ''ēn''. (Note that, as with the indefinite article, the stressed vowel is shortened for the neuter singular nominative and accusative. This is common to all determiner paradigms, because the phonology of Northeadish does not allow a long vowel in a “heavy” syllable, i.e. when a long vowel is followed by more than one consonant.) | All determiners which end in ‹n› follow the first paradigm, which is like ''ēn''. (Note that, as with the indefinite article, the stressed vowel is shortened for the neuter singular nominative and accusative. This is common to all determiner paradigms, because the phonology of Northeadish does not allow a long vowel in a “heavy” syllable, i.e. when a long vowel is followed by more than one consonant.) | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Nom. !! Gen. !! Dat. !! Acc. | ! !! Nom. !! Gen. !! Dat. !! Acc. !!style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| !! Nom. !! Gen. !! Dat. !! Acc. !!style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| !! Nom. !! Gen. !! Dat. !! Acc. !!style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| !! Nom. !! Gen. !! Dat. !! Acc. | ||
|- | |||
|| ||colspan=4 align="center"| '''''iēn''''' ‘that, yon’ ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||colspan=4 align="center"| '''''mīn''''' ‘my, mine’ ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||colspan=4 align="center"| '''''ſīn''''' ‘his, her, hers, its’ ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||colspan=4 align="center"| '''''þīn''''' ‘thy, thine, your, yours’ | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"| '''Masc.''' | ||
|| iēn ||rowspan=2| iēn'''as''' ||rowspan=2| iēn'''ᴍ''' || iēn'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || mīn ||rowspan=2| mīn'''as''' ||rowspan=2| mīn'''ᴍ''' || mīn'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || ſīn ||rowspan=2| ſīn'''as''' ||rowspan=2| ſīn'''ᴍ''' || ſīn'''ɴ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || þīn ||rowspan=2| þīn'''as''' ||rowspan=2| þīn'''ᴍ''' || þīn'''ɴ''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"| '''Neu.''' | ||
|| i<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>n'''t''' || i<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>n'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || m<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>nt || m<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>n'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || ſ<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>n'''t''' || ſ<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>n'''t''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| || þ<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>n'''t''' || þ<span style="color:red">'''e'''</span>n'''t''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"| '''Fem.''' ||rowspan=2| iēn'''a''' ||rowspan=2| iēn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' || iēn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| iēn'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none"| ||rowspan=2| mīn'''a''' ||rowspan=2| mīn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' || mīn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| mīn'''a''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| ||rowspan=2| ſīn'''a''' ||rowspan=2| ſīn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' || ſīn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| ſīn'''a'''||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| ||rowspan=2| þīn'''a''' ||rowspan=2| þīn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' || þīn<span style="color:red">'''ð'''</span>'''ʀ''' ||rowspan=2| þīn'''a''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |align="right"| '''Pl.''' || iēn'''ᴍ'''||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || mīn'''ᴍ''' ||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || ſīn'''ᴍ'''||style="border-top: none;border-bottom:none"| || þīn'''ᴍ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
====‹r›-stem==== | |||
Those determiners ending in ‹r›, including ''her'' ‘her’, ''hīr'' ‘their’, ''iȳr'' ‘your’, and ''ƕīr'' ‘whose’ decline as follows. (''Her'' does not have a long vowel, so the neuter singular is not shortened.) The main distinction with this and the next group is that those declensions in ‹ʀ› (feminine genitive and dative and plural genitive) are deleted because of the phonology of the language (See Phonology: Assimilation of [ɾ].) | Those determiners ending in ‹r›, including ''her'' ‘her’, ''hīr'' ‘their’, ''iȳr'' ‘your’, and ''ƕīr'' ‘whose’ decline as follows. (''Her'' does not have a long vowel, so the neuter singular is not shortened.) The main distinction with this and the next group is that those declensions in ‹ʀ› (feminine genitive and dative and plural genitive) are deleted because of the phonology of the language (See Phonology: Assimilation of [ɾ].) | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====‹ʀ›-stem==== | |||
Similar to those determiners in ‹r› are those in ‹ʀ›; the main difference between them is that the syllabic becomes non-syllabic is all but a few of the declensions. This group includes the first and second person dual and plural possessives ''iᵫŋcʀ'' ‘your’, ''ɴſʀ'' ‘our’, and ''xcʀ'' ‘our’. | Similar to those determiners in ‹r› are those in ‹ʀ›; the main difference between them is that the syllabic becomes non-syllabic is all but a few of the declensions. This group includes the first and second person dual and plural possessives ''iᵫŋcʀ'' ‘your’, ''ɴſʀ'' ‘our’, and ''xcʀ'' ‘our’. | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====‹s›- and ‹t›-stems==== | |||
Finally the last two groups are those determiners in ‹s› (''hes'' ‘his, its’, ''ƕes'' ‘whose’, ''nes'' ‘noöne’s’, ''qes'' ‘whose’, and ''þes'' ‘their’) and those in ‹t› (''hat'' ‘this’, ''ƕat'' ‘what’, ''ƕet'' ‘which’, ''iat'' ‘that, yonder’, ''nat'' ‘no, none’, ''qat'' ‘which’, ''qet'' ‘which’, and ''þat'' ‘that’). The only difference between the two is the neuter singular, which takes a schwa after a ‹t›, but not after ‹s›. | Finally the last two groups are those determiners in ‹s› (''hes'' ‘his, its’, ''ƕes'' ‘whose’, ''nes'' ‘noöne’s’, ''qes'' ‘whose’, and ''þes'' ‘their’) and those in ‹t› (''hat'' ‘this’, ''ƕat'' ‘what’, ''ƕet'' ‘which’, ''iat'' ‘that, yonder’, ''nat'' ‘no, none’, ''qat'' ‘which’, ''qet'' ‘which’, and ''þat'' ‘that’). The only difference between the two is the neuter singular, which takes a schwa after a ‹t›, but not after ‹s›. | ||