Dama Diwan: Difference between revisions

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 UNTIL 2016 MARCH 03, the suffix -an was used to mark that the adverb is used as a PREposition or conjunction, or more generally to show that the adverb connects primarily to the FOLLOWING word and not to the previous.
-AFTER 2016 MARCH 04, it has been decided to abolish the use of PREpositions (except IN, UN, AN) and use only POSTpositions, which, anyway, have always been preferred in Dama. So now the suffix -AN forms the genitive of nouns, and this solves the main problem of Dama, which was that the same form with the suffix -O could be used both for nominative and as an adjective, with optional means to distinguish between them.
+AFTER 2016 MARCH 04, it has been discovered that the most proper use is to abolish the use of PREpositions (except IN, UN, AN) and use only POSTpositions, which, anyway, have always been preferred in Dama. So now the suffix -AN forms the genitive of nouns, and this solves the main problem of Dama, which was that the same form with the suffix -O could be used both for nominative and as an adjective, with optional means to distinguish between them.
 The "genitive" with the ending -AN broadly means relation, usually translated by Engligh "of", including "in relation to", "about", so e.g. "MAWA KIWE" = "they talk in a manly way", while "MAWAN KIWE" = "they talk of men, about men". Of course, MUTAN MUSO = "women's clothes", MAWAN JATO = "a man's bag"; BUBO TAN NUMA SAKE = "considering s/he is a new/young person, s/he knows quite well", "knows well for a novice / young person".
 Although there are formally no prepositions in Dama, if we consider a phrase like: "BASO AN MARA KAN JASE" ("the fish is getting near of-intention biting"), "of-intention biting" cannot mean but "with an intention to bite"; such is the function of all adverbs that can be used as postpositions, especially RASA (from), MA (to), KA (in order to; must); so it is quite logical and in correct grammar to use them as prepositions in the form RASAN, MAN, KAN, although this usage is discouraged, yet it is another proof that Dama can imitate the usages of all languages.
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 :So, informal Dama can form long vowels and diphthongs which are absent in formal Dama; moreover informal Dama is known for its possibility to omit a weak O/U, except in case of a possible confusion when a final O/U is preceded by a nasal (N/M).
+===== Prefixes =====
+This is the meaning of the prefixes (which have not been used and even not been explored until 2016 November 12) in Dama Diwan:
+u- =MAWO, male; e- =MUTO, female; a- =WANO, abstract noun, with a connotation of true nature, truly so.
+This is the form they have in the Western style: u-, e-, a-. In other styles they may be pronounced also o-, i-, ə-.
+These may be used only in informal Dama, and then with due care, so they may not be confused with the pronouns A (you), I (this/that), O (me). While the pronouns are written and pronounced as separate words, the prefixes can only be written joint to the word, and never be emphasized, while the emphasis should be on the second syllable (stem) or on the 3rd syllable (suffix), e.g. akúto, or akutó. If the prefix is quite distinctly emphasized by length or stress or higher pitch, it is taken not as a prefix, but as a pronoun: á kuto. For the meaning of emphasizing (mainly by lengthening) the stem syllable or the suffix syllable, see the informal Dama degrees (MUJO) above.
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-Informal Dama may only be used in spoken language when one has to be very quick in expressing something. In written texts, informal Dama may appear in order to render accurately some informally spoken phrases, or in poetry for metric reasons.
+Informal Dama may be used (that is, sparingly) in spoken language when one has to be very quick in expressing something. In written texts, informal Dama may appear in order to render accurately some informally spoken phrases, in poetry for metric reasons, or in literature for creating more concise expressions than formal Dama can do (e.g., it is more concise to say "ejabo" (a cow), than "muto jabo", or "taino" (blue colour) than "tina buwo".
 ==== Highly formal Dama Diwan / miba jeto Dama Diwan ====
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 Another TJAWAN language makes a distinction between velar Q and palatal C. The difference in meaning is very subtle; Q refers to things really objective, while C to things realized as such, but possibly not so in reality. Again the first syllable focuses on external reality, while the second one focuses on feelings and cognition. For example, QARO=indeed straight, while CARO=believed to be straight. TUQO=something really heard, while TUCO is something one things (he) heard. This is also a theoretical language. Although velars can alternate with palatals in Dama Diwan, there the distinction is  ignored: Dama Diwan uses only K (or G) which is usually velar, but the same can be pronounced as palatal without a distinction in meaning.
+In a dream it was found that /d͡ʒego/ means the pointed tip on the back of a spear, used to keep it upright thrust in the earth while the warrior is resting (that was called σαυρωτήρ in ancient Greek). Therefore, /d͡ʒego/ is a TJAWAN form of TIKO "plant", meaning "that which makes a thing function (apparently but not really) as a plant, i.e. standing upright". So, this is the meaning of changing t/d into /d͡ʒ/ (along with voicing all consonants, and using an open vowel in the stem): "that which makes a thing function (apparently but not really) as a ++++ (thing indicating by the original Dama Diwan word)"
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 == Phonology and phonotactics / kumo sijo, kumo nijo ==
 Dama has 3 vowel phonemes: a, i/e, u/o.
-:It is also possible to use two allophones of "A" like, for example, /a/ and /ʌ/, if that feels better for native speakers of a language that differentiates between a closer and a slightly more open "A"; in this version Dama has an open and a close form of each vowel; the open A is /a/ and the close A is /ʌ/ (or a similar pair of sounds), but both those A should be written by the same letter A. In the version with two kinds of A, the close A (/ʌ/) follows the chosen phonotactics for all close vowels (i, u, close A), and the open A (/a/) follows the chosen phonotactics for all open vowels (e, o, open A): (e.g. close A in the first syllable and open A in the suffix, when the western style is used).
+:It is also possible to use two allophones of "A" like, for example, /ä/ and /ə/, if that feels better for native speakers of a language that differentiates between a closer and a slightly more open "A"; in this version Dama has an open and a close form of each one of the 3 vowel phonemes; the open A is /ä/ and the close A is /ə/ (or a similar pair of sounds), but both those A should be written by the same letter A. In the version with two kinds of A, the close A (/ə/) follows the chosen phonotactics for all close vowels (i, u, close A), and the open A (/ä/) follows the chosen phonotactics for all open vowels (e, o, open A): (e.g. close A in the first syllable and open A in the suffix, when the western style is used).
 With only one kind of A, the ideal is /ä/; ideally, I is  /i/, E is /ɛ/ or /e/, U is /u/ and O is /ɔ/ or /o/, but these guidelines for reading are not strict, as long as the 3 vowel phonemes are explicitly distinguished from each other.
 Dama has 9 consonant phonemes: k/g, t/d/ts, b, n, m, j, r, w, s.
-There are many possible allophones, such as /v/ or /ɸ/ for w, but the use of /p/ is discouraged while "L" (lateral sounds articulated with the tongue) is not acceptable. The word final -N is best pronounced as /ŋ/ if possible.
+There are many possible allophones, such as /v/ or /ɸ/ for w, but the use of /p/ is discouraged while "L" (lateral sounds articulated with the tongue) is not acceptable. The word final -N is best pronounced as /ŋ/ if possible to the speaker.
 === Writing systems / kiwon rijo ===