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==History==
* As a result of collapsing of the different gendered endings for case inflections, the case system became significantly more [[w:agglutination|agglutinative]], requiring the gender and case suffixes to be attached to the noun separately.
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Proto-North-Rttirrian possessed the following consonants:
Proto-Owina possessed the following consonants:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
!  |
!  |Labial
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal-<br>alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Retroflex
|-
|-
! Nasal
! colspan="2" |
!  Labial
!  Alveolar
!  Palato-<br>alveolar
!  Velar
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''m''' /m/
| *'''n''' /n/
| *'''n''' /n/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/
| *'''t''' /t/
|
| *'''k''' /k/
|-
! Voiced
|
| *'''d''' /d/
|
| *'''g''' /g/
|-
! Aspirated
| *'''ph''' /pʰ/
| *'''th''' /tʰ/
|
| *'''kh''' /kʰ/
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! Voiceless
| *'''f''' /f/
| *'''s''' /s/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/
|  
|  
|-
! Voiced
| *'''v''' /v/
|
| *'''j''' /ʒ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3" | Affricate
! Voiced
|
|
|
|
| *'''rn''' /ɳ/
| *'''dj''' /d͡ʒ/
|
|-
|-
! Plosive
! Voiceless
| *'''p''' /p/<br>*'''b''' /b/
|
| *'''t''' /t/<br>*'''d''' /d/
|
|
| *'''ch''' /t͡ʃ/
|
|-
! Aspirated
|
|
| *'''cch''' /t͡ʃʰ/
|
|
| *'''k''' /k/<br>*'''g''' /g/
| *'''rt''' /ʈ/<br>*'''rd''' /ɖ/
|-
|-
! Fricative
! colspan="2" | Approximant
| *'''f''' /ɸ/<br>*'''v''' /β/
| *'''w''' /w/
| *'''s''' /s/<br>*'''z''' /z/
| *'''l''' /l/
| *'''sh''' /ʃ/<br>*'''zh''' /ʒ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
! Approximant
! colspan="2" | Flap/Trill
|
| *'''r''' /r/
|
|
|
|
|
| *'''y''' /j/
|
| *'''rl''' /ɭ/<br>*'''rr''' /ɻ/
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
The following vowels had evolved from the much simpler system of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]:
The following vowel phonemes are used:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;"
|-
|-
! |
!
! Front
! Front
! Central
! Central
Line 57: Line 96:
! High
! High
| *'''i''' /i/
| *'''i''' /i/
|
| *'''u''' /ʉ/
| *'''u''' /u/
|
|-
|-
! Mid-high
! Mid-high
| *'''e''' /e/
| *'''e''' /e/
|
|  
| *'''o''' /o/
| *'''o''' /o/
|-
|-
! Low-mid
! Mid
|
|
| *'''y''' /ə/
|
|
| *'''â''' /ɔ/
|-
! Mid-low
|
|
| *'''ø''' /ɔ/
|-
|-
! Low
! Low
|  
|
| *'''a''' /ä/
| *'''a''' /a/
|  
|
|}
|}


==Grammar==
==Grammar==
Proto-North-Rttirrian retained much of the inflectional complexity of [[Proto-Rttirrian]]. It no longer displayed the [[w:animacy|animacy]] system Proto-Rttirrian had, but it reanalyzed the inanimate third-person verb inflections as reflecting a different kind of verb, and innovated first-person and second-person verb inflections for this kind of verb as well. This new verb class, called ''Form II'' verbs by convention, represented a more mild meaning than ''Form I'' verbs. This represents a rudimentary form of what would grow into a complicated root-and-pattern inflectional system reminiscent of those of the [[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]] languages.
===Pronouns===
 
The following pronouns were used:
===Verbs===
The following verb prefixes are reconstructed:


{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
!colspan="6" | Verb Form I
!colspan="6" | Verb Form II
|-
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="8" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
|-
!colspan="2" | 2nd
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
!colspan="2" | 3rd
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! rowspan="2" | Sing.
! rowspan="2" | Pl.
! colspan="4" | Sing.
! colspan="4" | Pl.
|-
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
! Nominative
| ''*shig''
| ''*e''
| ''*far''
| ''*ja''
| ''*su''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tud''
| ''*sir''
| ''*ris''
| ''*tuj''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tur''
| ''*tiraj''
| ''*rini''
|-
! Accusative
| ''*amí''
| ''*esmí''
| ''*fí''
| ''*vosí''
| ''*tum''
| ''*tir''
| ''*rim''
| ''*tuns''
| ''*tires''
| ''*rines''
|-
! Genitive
| ''*míne''
| ''*eso''
| ''*tíve''
| ''*shøso''
| colspan="2" | ''*søfó''
| ''*iser''
| ''*rincho''
| colspan="2" | ''*tisom''
| ''*tirom''
| ''*rinom''
|-
! Dative
| ''*mísho''
| ''*esmej''
| ''*phájo''
| ''*fasmej''
| colspan="2" | ''*smój''
| ''*rij''
| ''*rinej''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujmø''
| ''*timø''
| rowspan="2" | ''*rimos''
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Ablative
! Pl.
| ''*míd''
! Sing.
| ''*esmed''
! Pl.
| ''*fíd''
! Sing.
| ''*fasmed''
! Pl.
| colspan="3" | ''*smód''
! Sing.
| ''*rind''
! Pl.
| colspan="2" | ''*tujos''
! Sing.
| ''*turos''
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
|-
|-
!Past
! Locative
| ''*mo-''
| rowspan="2" | ''*muáj''
| ''*mom-''
| ''*esmaj''
| ''*ap-''
| rowspan="2" | ''*tuáj''
| ''*am-''
| ''*fasmaj''
| ''*bo-''
| colspan="2" | ''*smaj''
| ''*bom-''
| ''*raj''
| ''*mopa-''
| ''*rinch''
| ''*mobam-''
| colspan="2" | ''*chø''
| ''*apa-''
| ''*tichø''
| ''*abam-''
| ''*rinchø''
| ''*papa-''
| ''*babam-''
|-
|-
!Present
! Instrumental
| ''*na-''
| ''*esmáj''
| ''*nam-''
| ''*fasmo''
| ''*af-''
| colspan="3" | ''*tuj''
| ''*sam-''
| ''*rinar''
| ''*khâ-''
| colspan="2" | ''*tushphaj''
| ''*khem-''
| ''*tiphaj''
| ''*narda-''
| ''*rinash''
| ''*nardam-''
| ''*arda-''
| ''*sardam-''
| ''*rdarda-''
| ''*rdardam-''
|-
|-
!Future
! Comitative
| ''*ney-''
| ''*amík''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*esmík''
| ''*key-''
| ''*fík''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*vosík''
| ''*khe-''
| ''*tyrom''
| ''*mi-''
| colspan="2" | ''*turom''
| ''*nerdi-''
| ''*rimom''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*tunsom''
| ''*kerdi-''
| ''*turom''
| ''*mirdi-''
| ''*tirsom''
| ''*rdirdi-''
| ''*rinsom''
| ''*mirdi-''
|-
|-
!Gerund/<br>Infinitive
! Illative
| ''*ân-''
| ''*míshor''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*esmen''
| ''*âk-''
| ''*phájor''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*fasmen''
| ''*e-''
| colspan="2" | ''*smósh''
| ''*âm-''
| ''*shin''
| ''*ânârd-''
| ''*rinchar''
| ''*âmâm-''
| colspan="2" | ''*tujman''
| ''*âkârd-''
| ''*turon''
| ''*âmâm-''
| ''*rinchen''
| ''*ârdârd-''
| ''*âmâm-''
|}
|}


Form II verb prefixes enacted some degree of ablaut on verbs:
====Case declension====
 
Nouns and adjectives were declined for case, number, and gender. The cases were identical for both the nouns and the adjectives.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mo-viti gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_I-drag 3SG.ACC
:I dragged it.


:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Mopa-v'''a'''t'''a''' gyo.
:1SG.NOM.PST.Form_II-drag 3SG.ACC
:I tugged on it.
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ân-kaba
:1SG.GER.Form_I-stop
:that I stop abruptly
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ânârd-k'''â'''b'''â'''
:1SG.GER.Form_II-stop
:that I slow to a halt
===Nouns===
The following noun suffixes are reconstructed:
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="2" | Singular
! colspan="2" | Plural
|-
|-
! Normal
! colspan="4" | Singular
! Diminutive
! colspan="4" | Plural
! Normal
|-
! Diminutive
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
! Masc.
! Neut.
! Fem.
! Them.
|-
|-
! Nominative
! Nominative
| —
| ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-a''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*-(a)s''
| ''*-maz''
| ''*-(a)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
| rowspan="2" | ''*-(a)r''
| ''*-(y)sh''
| ''*-∅/-y''
|-
! Accusative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)m''
| ''*-(e)s''
| colspan="2" | ''*-(e)s''
|-
! Genitive (inalienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)s''
| colspan="4" | ''*-(s)om''
|-
! Genitive (alienable)
| colspan="4" | ''*-sho''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shom''
|-
! Dative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(y)j''
| colspan="4" | ''*-mos''
|-
! Ablative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)d''
| colspan="4" | ''*-dom''
|-
! Adessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)ej''
| colspan="4" | ''*-sø''
|-
! Inessive
| colspan="4" | ''*-(j)aj''
| colspan="4" | ''*-jom''
|-
! Instrumental
| colspan="4" | ''*-(a)r''
| colspan="4" | ''*-phaj''
|-
! Comitative
| colspan="4" | ''*-(i)k''
| colspan="4" | ''*-kom''
|-
|-
! Accusative<br>(vestigial)
! Illative
| ''*-i/*-y''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shar''
| ''*-ey/*-y''
| colspan="4" | ''*-shen''
| ''*-mi''
| ''*-mizh''
|}
|}


The following pronouns are reconstructed:
Except for the plural in the accusative, cases were "stacked" on top of the nominative gender endings to explicitly indicate both gender, number, and case.
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-sh-'''as'''''
:chick-THEM.SG-GEN.INAL.SG
:the chick's
 
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>''pipi-∅-'''som'''
:chick-THEM.PL-GEN.INAL.PL
:the chicks'
 
===Verb phrases===
====Person/number conjugation====
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
|-
!rowspan="3" |
!rowspan="4" |
|-
!colspan="6" | Athematic
!colspan="6" | Thematic
|-
|-
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 1st
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 2nd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
!colspan="2" | 3rd
|-
|-
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Sing.
! Sing.
! Pl.
! Pl.
Line 225: Line 365:
! Pl.
! Pl.
|-
|-
! Nominative<br>(emphatic)
!Past
| ''*naku''
| ''*-ø''
| ''*napu''
| ''*-ømí''
| ''*atu''
| ''*-as''
| ''*saku''
| ''*-etí''
| ''*âtu''
| ''*-a''
| ''*âku''
| ''*-and''
| ''*-om''
| ''*-ome''
| ''*-es''
| ''*-ete''
| ''*-ed''
| ''*-ond''
|-
|-
! Accusative
!Present
| ''*ni''
| ''*-ma''
| ''*mey''
| ''*-mos''
| ''*ki''
| ''*-sa''
| ''*ksey''
| ''*-te''
| ''*gyo''
| ''*-ta''
| ''*goy''
| ''*-ach''
|-
| ''*-o''
! Possessive<br>noun prefix
| ''*-om''
| ''*na-''
| ''*-ash''
| ''*mi-''
| ''*-et''
| ''*ak-''
| ''*-omo''
| ''*sa-''
| ''*-och''
| ''*â-''
| ''*e-''
|}
|}
Frrurtu
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