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===Clitics=== | ===Clitics=== | ||
Infixes in Letaale are single-syllable morphemes beginning with a consonant and containing secondary vowels which contribute grammatical information in a sentence. They are inserted into the word the refer to (or into the first word in a phrase that they refer to) directly after the stressed syllable. They may, themselves be unstressed, but can also be stressed for emphasis, taking the primary stress away from the syllable before it. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" | ||
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! Clitic !! Gloss !! Use !! Example !! Counterpart | ! Clitic !! Gloss !! Use !! Example !! Counterpart | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''hua''' || <small>Q</small> || question clitic, turns the word it is attached to into a yes/no question || ''''' | | '''hua''' || <small>Q</small> || question clitic, turns the word it is attached to into a yes/no question || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">hua</span>lavi?'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Do you</span> eat<span style="color:blue">?</span>" || '''''hua''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''leo''' || <small>NEG</small> || negative clitic, "not", negates the word it is attached to || ''''' | | '''leo''' || <small>NEG</small> || negative clitic, "not", negates the word it is attached to || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">leo</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">do not</span> eat." || '''''gui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''gui''' || <small>AFF</small> || affirmative clitic, "indeed", emphatically affirms the word it is attached to || ''''' | | '''gui''' || <small>AFF</small> || affirmative clitic, "indeed", emphatically affirms the word it is attached to || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">gui</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You ''<span style="color:blue">do</span>'' eat." || '''''loe''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''heo''' || <small>NEG</small>.<small>Q</small> || negative question clitic, "not?", turns the word it is attached to into a question with an expected negative answer || ''''' | | '''heo''' || <small>NEG</small>.<small>Q</small> || negative question clitic, "not?", turns the word it is attached to into a question with an expected negative answer || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">heo</span>lavi?'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">don't</span> eat, <span style="color:blue">do you?</span>" || '''''hui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''hui''' || <small>AFF</small>.<small>Q</small> || affirmative question clitic, "indeed?", turns the word it is attached to into a question with an expected affirmative answer || ''''' | | '''hui''' || <small>AFF</small>.<small>Q</small> || affirmative question clitic, "indeed?", turns the word it is attached to into a question with an expected affirmative answer || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">hui</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">do</span> eat, <span style="color:blue">don't you<?" || '''''heo''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''tui''' || <small>FOC</small> || focus clitic, indicates what it precedes is the focus of the sentence, the new information that is being claimed || ''''' | | '''tui''' || <small>FOC</small> || focus clitic, indicates what it precedes is the focus of the sentence, the new information that is being claimed || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">tui</span>lavi'''''<br />"(<span style="color:blue">the thing is:</span>) you eat" || '''''nau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''nau''' || <small>TOP</small> || topic clitic, indicates what it precedes is the topic of the sentence, known information about which something is claimed in the focus || ''''' | | '''nau''' || <small>TOP</small> || topic clitic, indicates what it precedes is the topic of the sentence, known information about which something is claimed in the focus || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">nau</span>lavi'''''<br />"(<span style="color:blue">as for the fact that</span>) you eat" || '''''tui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''sau''' || or || inclusive disjunctive clitic, "or", "and/or", indicates an alternative which is not exclusive || ''''' | | '''sau''' || or || inclusive disjunctive clitic, "or", "and/or", indicates an alternative which is not exclusive || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">sau</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">sau</span>'''''<br />"you (<span style="color:blue">either</span>)eat <span style="color:blue">or</span> you dance (<span style="color:blue">or both</span>)" || '''''sau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''tau''' || <small>XOR</small> || exclusive disjunctive clitic, "or" "or ... but not both", indicates an exclusive alternative || ''''' | | '''tau''' || <small>XOR</small> || exclusive disjunctive clitic, "or" "or ... but not both", indicates an exclusive alternative || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">tau</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">tau</span>'''''<br />"you (<span style="color:blue">either<span style="color:blue">) eat or you dance (but not both)" || '''''tau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''tia''' || although || causal adversative clitic, "although", "even though", indicates the context under which some other fact is unexpected or contrastive || '''''(jeo) | | '''tia''' || although || causal adversative clitic, "although", "even though", indicates the context under which some other fact is unexpected or contrastive || '''''vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">jeo</span>) vee<span style="color:blue">tia</span>lavi'''''<br />"you dance <span style="color:blue">although</span> you eat" || '''''jeo''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''jeo''' || but || effective adversative clitic, "but", "however", "nevertheless", indicates something surprising given another fact or situation || '''''(tia) | | '''jeo''' || but || effective adversative clitic, "but", "however", "nevertheless", indicates something surprising given another fact or situation || '''''vilaivaa(<span style="color:red">tia</span>) vee<span style="color:blue">jeo</span>lavi'''''<br />"you dance, <span style="color:blue">but</span> you eat" || '''''tia''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''vui''' || and || simultaneous conjunctive clitic, "and", indicates a simultaneous addition || ''''' | | '''vui''' || and || simultaneous conjunctive clitic, "and", indicates a simultaneous addition || '''''veevuilavi vilaivaavui'''''<br />"you eat and dance (at the same time)" || '''''vui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''nua''' || first || initial conjunctive clitic, "first", "initially", indicates what follows happens first in a sequence || ''''' | | '''nua''' || first || initial conjunctive clitic, "first", "initially", indicates what follows happens first in a sequence || '''''veenualavi vilaivaasua'''''<br />"first you eat, then you dance" || '''sua''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''sua''' || subsequently || subsequent conjunctive clitic, "then", "subsequently", indicates an addition that follows in time || '''''(nua) | | '''sua''' || subsequently || subsequent conjunctive clitic, "then", "subsequently", indicates an addition that follows in time || '''''vilaivaa(nua) veesualavi'''''<br />"you dance, then you eat" || '''''vui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''kua''' || when || simultaneous punctual temporal clitic, "when", indicates that another event or situation occurs at the same time as what follows '''kua''' || ''''' | | '''kua''' || when || simultaneous punctual temporal clitic, "when", indicates that another event or situation occurs at the same time as what follows '''kua''' || '''''Veekualavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"When you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''kua''''' / '''''jau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''jau''' || while || simultaneous continuous temporal clitic, "while", indicates that what follows is the temporal context for for another event or situation || ''''' | | '''jau''' || while || simultaneous continuous temporal clitic, "while", indicates that what follows is the temporal context for for another event or situation || '''''Veejaulavi vilaivaatui'''''<br />"While you're dancing, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''kua''''' / '''''jau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''mua''' || before || antetemporal punctual clitic, "before", indicates that what follows comes ''after'' another event or situation || ''''' | | '''mua''' || before || antetemporal punctual clitic, "before", indicates that what follows comes ''after'' another event or situation || '''''Veemualavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Before you dance, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''nio''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''goe''' || until || antetemporal continuous clitic, "until", indicates that what follows represents the end point of another event or situation || ''''' | | '''goe''' || until || antetemporal continuous clitic, "until", indicates that what follows represents the end point of another event or situation || '''''Veegoelavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Until you dance, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''nio''' || after || posttemporal punctual clitic, "after", indicates that what follows comes ''before'' another event or situation || ''''' | | '''nio''' || after || posttemporal punctual clitic, "after", indicates that what follows comes ''before'' another event or situation || '''''Veeniolavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"After you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''mua''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''joe''' || since || posttemporal continuous clitic, "since", "from", indicates that what follows represents the starting point of another event or situation || ''''' | | '''joe''' || since || posttemporal continuous clitic, "since", "from", indicates that what follows represents the starting point of another event or situation || '''''Veejoelavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Since you ate, you've been dancing."<br />"From the time when you eat, you're going to dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''gua''' || because || specific causal clitic, "because", "since", "as", indicates that what follows is the cause of another event or situation || ''''' | | '''gua''' || because || specific causal clitic, "because", "since", "as", indicates that what follows is the cause of another event or situation || '''''Veegualavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Because you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''noe''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''noe''' || therefore || specific effective clitic, "therefore", "so", indicates that what follows is the effect caused by another event or situation || '''''( | | '''noe''' || therefore || specific effective clitic, "therefore", "so", indicates that what follows is the effect caused by another event or situation || '''''Vilaivaa(gua) veenoelavi.'''''<br />"You've been dancing; therefore, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''gua''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''vue''' || if.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential causal clitic, "if", indicates that what follows, ''if it does turn out to be the case'', is the cause of another event or situation || ''''' | | '''vue''' || if.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential causal clitic, "if", indicates that what follows, ''if it does turn out to be the case'', is the cause of another event or situation || '''''Veevuelavi vilaivaajue.'''''<br />"If you eat, (then) you dance." || '''''jue''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''jue''' || then.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential effective clitic, "then", indicates that what follows is the effect caused by another ''possible'' event or situation || ''''' | | '''jue''' || then.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential effective clitic, "then", indicates that what follows is the effect caused by another ''possible'' event or situation || '''''Veevuelavi vilaivaajue.'''''<br />"If you eat, (then) you dance." || '''''vue''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''viu''' || if.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis causal clitic, "if", indicates that what follows is a ''hypothetical'' event or situation that, ''if it were true'', would the cause of another event or situation || ''''' | | '''viu''' || if.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis causal clitic, "if", indicates that what follows is a ''hypothetical'' event or situation that, ''if it were true'', would the cause of another event or situation || '''''Veeviulavi vilaivaajiu.'''''<br />"If you ate, (then) you would dance." || '''''jiu''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''jiu''' || then.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis effective clitic, "then", "would" indicates that what follows would be the effect caused by another ''hypothetical'' event or situation || ''''' | | '''jiu''' || then.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis effective clitic, "then", "would" indicates that what follows would be the effect caused by another ''hypothetical'' event or situation || '''''Veeviulavi vilaivaajiu.'''''<br />"If you ate, (then) you would dance." || '''''viu''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''gau''' || preparatively || telic causal clitic, indicates that what follows is done in preparation in order to achieve another event or situation || ''''' | | '''gau''' || preparatively || telic causal clitic, indicates that what follows is done in preparation in order to achieve another event or situation || '''''Veegaulavi vilaivaaneo.'''''<br />"You eat preparatively in order to dance." || '''''neo''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''neo''' || so.that || telic effective clitic, "so that", "in order that", indicates that what follows is the intended goal behind another event or situation || '''''Vilaivaa | | '''neo''' || so.that || telic effective clitic, "so that", "in order that", indicates that what follows is the intended goal behind another event or situation || '''''Vilaivaa(gau) veeneolavi.'''''<br />"You dance in order to eat." || '''''vue''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||