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Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below. | Old Zoki had several verb forms, each giving a different nuance to the concept expressed in the biliteral or triliteral root. These forms are summarized below. | ||
Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb '' | Form I was used generally for loaned verbal concepts, mostly relating to skilled acts practiced by other local cultures and taught to the Zoki people. It is sometimes not considered a true verbal form, as it consisted of the single verb ''shekh'' ("to practice", cognate to [[Rttirri]] /t͡ʃiu/ "to do") followed by an auxiliary verb—the gerund is ''nufokh'' ("process", a truncation of ''rinufokh'', cognate to Rttirri /ɻiɳøu/). This auxiliary verb, unlike the verbal concepts of the other four verb forms, did not need to take any particular vowel pattern. | ||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; border-spacing: 20px;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! I | ! I | ||
| '' | | ''shekh-___'' | ||
| '' | | ''shekh-___'' | ||
| '' | | ''shekh-___'' | ||
| '' | | ''nufokh-___'' | ||
| to do something skillful or foreign | | to do something skillful or foreign | ||
| '' | | ''shekh-puwāng'' – he imitates<br>(from [[w:Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]] /pʰʉɐŋX/ [[wiktionary:仿|仿]]) | ||
| '' | | ''shekh-siyā'' – he spins silk<br>(from [[w:Middle Chinese|Middle Chinese]] /sɨʌH/ [[wiktionary:絮|絮]]) | ||
|- | |- | ||
! II | ! II | ||
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:the bright light | :the bright light | ||
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Shấfâk kulā nō mo-khōl. | :<nowiki>*</nowiki>Shấfâk kulā '''nō''' mo-khōl. | ||
:be_wide.GER deep into 1SG.PST-dive.Form_II.PST | :be_wide.GER deep into 1SG.PST-dive.Form_II.PST | ||
:I dove into the deep ocean. | :I dove into the deep ocean. | ||
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:1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II.PRES like Tấmu | :1SG.PRES 1SG.NOM cook.Form_V.GER, husband beautiful 1SG.PRES-have.Form_II.PRES like Tấmu | ||
:If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmu (has). | :If I learned how to cook, I would get a handsome husband like Tấmu (has). | ||
===Negation=== | |||
There was no single negative particle used in Old Zoki. Instead, verbs were negated with the suffix ''-n'' if they ended with a vowel, or ''-an'' if they ended with a consonant. | |||
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Ar ∅-gājam-'''an'''. | |||
:house 3SG.PRES-burn.Form_III.PRES-NEG | |||
:The house isn't burning. | |||
Noun and adjective phrases were negated with the prefixing clitic ''kag'' (lit. "entirely", cognate to Rttirri /kɑi/ "if only") and the suffix ''-nu''. | |||
:<nowiki>*</nowiki>Āt '''kag''' sijimi og '''nu'''. | |||
:2SG.NOM NEG smart very NEG | |||
:You're not that smart. | |||