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: | :[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Lexicon]] | ||
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]] | |||
{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|image = | |image = | ||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | ||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = ''Wiob-Nkahn'' | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation= /wiob ᵑgaːn/ | ||
|familycolor=wb | |||
|fam1= [[Wiobic languages|Wiobic]] | |||
|script={{PAGENAME}} script | |||
|iso3= | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
|familycolor= | |||
|fam1=[[ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''wee-OH-bee-ən''; ''Wiobem-Nkahn'' or colloquially ''Wiob-Nkahn'') is a conlang loosely inspired by Old High German, Old English and Khmer. | |||
Numbers: ßoz, klie, skah, moj, fah, ies, nteht, nuot, ngaht, ziu | |||
'' | ''ma'' = negative | ||
'' | ''nkelei Piontels je Bojels.'' = I speak of love and hate. | ||
'' | ''Plünkßne'' = feather | ||
==Idea== | |||
A "Sinospheric Finnish", or "Chinese with cases" | |||
==Phonology== | |||
===Orthography=== | |||
'' | Wiobian is written in an orthography created by King Kait Niumer (modern Wiobian: ''Houger Niumer Kait''; ''Kait'' is the family name). | ||
in wiobian Orthography, only Nouns are capitalized; first Words in Sentences are not capitalized unless they are Nouns. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan="2"| | ! colspan="2"| | ||
! | Labial | ! | Labial | ||
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! | Medial | ! | Medial | ||
! | Velar | ! | Velar | ||
! | Lab.vel. | |||
! | Glottal | ! | Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''m''' /m/ | | '''m''' /m/ | ||
| '''n''' /n/ | | '''n''' /n/ | ||
| ''' | | '''nj''' /ɲ/ | ||
| '''ng''' /ŋ/ | | '''ng''' /ŋ/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''z''' /c/ | | '''z''' /c/ | ||
| '''k''' /k/ | | '''k''' /k/ | ||
| '''qu''' /kʷ/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''mp''' /ᵐb/ | | '''mp''' /ᵐb/ | ||
| '''nt''' /ⁿd/ | | '''nt''' /ⁿd/ | ||
| ''' | | '''nz''' /ᶮɟ/ | ||
| '''nk''' /ᵑg/ | | '''nk''' /ᵑg/ | ||
| '''nqu''' /ᵑgʷ/ | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | <small> | ! | <small>voiced</small> | ||
| '''b''' / | | '''b''' /b/ | ||
| '''d''' / | | '''d''' /d/ | ||
| '''dj''' /ɟ/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! rowspan="2" |Fricative | ! rowspan="2" |Fricative | ||
! | <small>plain</small> | ! | <small>plain</small> | ||
| | | '''f''' /f~v/ | ||
| '''ß''' /s~z/ | | '''ß''' /s~z/<br/>'''th''' /θ~ð/ | ||
| '''s''' /ç~ʝ/ | | '''s''' /ç~ʝ/ | ||
| '''g''' /x~ɣ/ | | '''g''' /x~ɣ/ | ||
| '''hw''' /ʍ/ | |||
| '''h''' /h/ | | '''h''' /h/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | <small>prenasalized</small> | ! | <small>prenasalized</small> | ||
| '''mf''' /ᵐv/ | |||
| '''nß''' /ⁿz/ | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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! colspan="2" |Liquid | ! colspan="2" |Liquid | ||
| | | | ||
| | | '''l''' /l/ | ||
| ''' | | '''r''' /ɹ/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" |Approximant | ! colspan="2" |Approximant | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''j''' /j/ | | '''j''' /j/ | ||
| | | | ||
| '''w''' /w/ | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*Voiceless plosives are ''not'' aspirated. | *Voiceless plosives are ''not'' aspirated. | ||
*/ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally. | */ᵐb ⁿd ᶮɟ ᵑg/ devoice to [ᵐp ⁿt ᶮc ᵑk] word-finally. | ||
*/b d ɟ/ are often realized as implosives. | |||
*The fricatives ''ß s g'' are voiced intervocalically. | *The fricatives ''ß s g'' are voiced intervocalically. | ||
* | *In Modern Wiobian, '''s''' in '''sC-''' inital clusters are pronounced /x/. | ||
*In Old Wiobian, '''r''' was [r], an alveolar trill. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
{{PAGENAME}} has short and long versions of the following monophthongs (except for /ə/ which only occurs in unstressed syllables). Long vowels can be marked with a following ''h''. Word-finally, vowels (except schwa) are long even without a following ''h''. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! | | ! | | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Diphthongs: '''ai au ei öü ou | Diphthongs: '''ai au ei öü ou ie io iu üö uo''' | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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===Phonotactics=== | ===Phonotactics=== | ||
The syllable structure is (C)(C)V(C) | The syllable structure is usually (C)(C)V(C)s, where V can be a vowel or a diphthong. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 220px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ ''Nßäht'' 'tree' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Nominative | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßäht'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Genitive | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtem'' | |||
|- | |||
!| Illative | |||
|colspan=2|''Nßähter'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Inessive | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtel'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Elative | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtels'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Allative/Dative | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtene'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Adessive | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähten'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Ablative | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtens'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Instrumental/Comitative | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtemp'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Essive | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtez'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Translative | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtenk'' | |||
|- | |||
!scope="row"|Abessive | |||
|colspan="2"|''Nßähtmakk'' | |||
|} | |||
Plurals are formed with ''nto'', so: ''nto Nßäht'' (trees), ''nto Nßähtem'' (of trees), ... | |||
Old {{PAGENAME}} used ''-er'' as an accusative and ''-el'' for both the illative and inessive. | |||
===Article=== | |||
The equivalent of the definite article in {{PAGENAME}} is a classifier (as in Hmong), but it's placed after the noun and carries the case marker. The noun before a classifier is prescriptively in the genitive case, but it's often dropped. | |||
* ''Nßäht kothem'' (presc. and in older {{PAGENAME}} ''Nßähtem kothem'') 'of the tree' | |||
* ''Nßähtem'' 'of a tree' | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!|1 | !|1 | ||
|'' | |''si'' | ||
|''tahs'' | |''tahs'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|2 | !|2 | ||
|'' | |''mei'' | ||
|''wäll'' | |''wäll'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!|3 | !|3 | ||
| | |''mpa'' (animate), ''mpi'' (inanimate) | ||
|''ntompa'' (animate), ''ntompi'' (inanimate) | |||
|} | |} | ||
Case suffixes attach to ''si-, tah-, mei-,'' and ''wäh-'' respectively: | |||
''sim Mpahng'' = my hand; | |||
''sils'' = from me; about me | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
==== | Verbs don't inflect. | ||
Action nouns are formed with the suffix ''-(e)me'', from the genitive clitic followed by an eroded form of ''ion'' (to do). For example: ''Leime'' = speaking | |||
===Ideophones=== | |||
Like Japanese and Korean, Wiobian uses ideophones. Ideophones may be used both informally and formally. | |||
*''nungnung'' 'enormous' | |||
*''behdgehd'' 'of slow and reluctant action' | |||
*''ntåkpdåk'' 'hustle and bustle; of hurrying' | |||
*''ngolmol'' 'of boiling liquid' | |||
*''quorquär'' 'of anxiety' | |||
*''klah'' 'ta-da!' | |||
*''jaz'' 'of tightness and security; of exactness' | |||
**e.g. ''jaz skahb'' 'exactly three; just three' | |||
*''nquäh'' 'vaguely, without much effort; approximately' | |||
*''djring'' 'zoom, of an engine noise' | |||
*''ziekziok'' 'in small steps' | |||
Ideophones are often used as adjectives or adverbs. Example: | |||
:''Mpeid tei quorquär.'' | |||
:this COP ~ANXIETY | |||
:This makes me feel uneasy. | |||
===Derivational morphology=== | ===Derivational morphology=== | ||
*''be-'' = | *''-ed'' = agentive | ||
[[Category: | *''be-'' = applicative | ||
*''en-'' = passive/reflexive | |||
*''deß-'' = causative | |||
==Syntax== | |||
The unmarked word order in {{PAGENAME}} is SVO. Due to the influence of [[Tsjoen]], Modern {{PAGENAME}} is quite strict about it (though objects could be fronted for emphasis). | |||
Serial verbs are also common in {{PAGENAME}}; all verbs but the last in a serial verb chain are in the ablative. | |||
''mpa fiuntens lei.'' = He came and spoke. | |||
[[Category:Pseudo-Germanic]] | |||
[[Category:Languages]] |
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