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3) Permitted consonant clusters: | 3) Permitted consonant clusters: | ||
a) /m/ + /p | a) /m/ + /p/ | ||
b) /n/ + /t, s | b) /n/ + /t, s/ | ||
c) /N/ + /k, x | c) /N/ + /k, x/ | ||
d) /r/ + /m, n, N, p, t, k, s, x, v | d) /r/ + /m, n, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/ | ||
e) /l/ + /m, n, N, p, t, k, s, x, v | e) /l/ + /m, n, N, p, t, k, s, x, v, j/ | ||
f) /p, t, k/ + /s/ | f) /p, t, k/ + /s/ | ||
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5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur. | 5) Vowels in hiatus do not occur. | ||
6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable | 6) Diphthongs may not occur in a closed syllable or before a fortis consonant. | ||
F) SANDHI | F) SANDHI | ||
1 | 1) Sandhi occurs at morpheme boundaries as a result of suffixation. | ||
2) The resulting sandhi transformations are as follows: | |||
a) /m, n, N/ + /m, n, N/ > [mb, nd, Ng] | |||
b) /m, n, N/ + /r/ > [rd, rd, rd] | |||
c) /m, n, N/ + /l/ > [ld, ld, ld] | |||
d) /m, n, N/ + /v, D, j/ > [mb, nd, Ng] | |||
e) /m, N/ + /t, s/ > [nt, ns] | |||
f) /m, n/ + /k, x/ > [Nk, Nx] | |||
g) /n, N/ + /p/ > [mp] | |||
h) /r, l/ + /r, l/ > [rd, ld] | |||
i) /r, l/ + /D/ > [rd, ld] | |||
j) /p, t, k/ + /p, t, k/ > [pp, tt, kk] | |||
k) /p, t, k, s/ + /x, v, D, j/ > [hh, hh, ss, hh] | |||
G) CONSONANT GRADATION | |||
1) This process affects fortis consonants and lenis plosives following a nasal, liquid or vowel. | |||
2) It is triggered if the consonants in question form the onset of a closed syllable due to suffixation. | |||
3) The gradation sequences are as follows: | |||
a) /mp/ > /mb/ > /m/ | |||
b) /nt/ > /nd/ > /n/ | |||
c) /Nk/ > /Ng/ > /N/ | |||
d) /rp/ > /rv/ | |||
e) /rt/ > /rd/ > /r/ | |||
f) /rk/ > /rj/ | |||
g) /lp/ > /lv/ | |||
h) /lt/ > /ld/ > /ll/ | |||
i) /lk/ > /lj/ | |||
j) /pp/ > /p/ > /v/ | |||
k) /tt/ > /t/ > /D/ | |||
l) /kk/ > /k/ > /j/ | |||
m) /ss/ > /s/ | |||
n) /xx/ > /x/ |
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