Linguifex

User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4: Difference between revisions

User page Discussion

User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4 (view source)

Revision as of 01:03, 10 May 2023

3,439 bytes removed ,  10 May 2023
m
IlL moved page User:IlL/Spare pages 1-99/4 to User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4 without leaving a redirect
m (IlL moved page User:IlL/Spare pages 1-99/4 to User:IlL/Spare pages 1/4 without leaving a redirect)
 
(322 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{movedon}}
: {{distinguish|text= the Earth language [[w:Fungor language|Fungor]], also known as Ko}}


:[[Kurmian/Swadesh list]]
:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (natively ''an dûaigh Cùm'' /ʔan dˠûəj kʰūːm/) is a monosyllabic tonal language with an Irish aesthetic. Like Irish, it has initial consonant mutations.
{{Infobox language
|creator = User:IlL
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = lees ndoigh Komh
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|state = Bjeheond
|familycolor=hmong-mien
|fam1=[[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum]]
|scripts=* Latin (Uncial)
|notice=IPA
}}
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (English: /koʊ/, natively ''lees ndoigh Komh'' /li noi kɔ/ (TBA: tone)) is a language spoken in [[Bjeheond]]; as a [[Hlou-Shum languages|Hlou-Shum language]], it's related to [[Hlou]]. It is a monosyllabic tonal language inspired by Hmong, Irish, Manx, and English. Like Irish, Ko has initial consonant mutations.
 
==Todo==
Motivation: "Sinospheric Irish" or "Hmoob read by an Irish speaker"
*Explain: lexical mutation in Hlou, grammatical mutation in Ko
**Hlou lexical mutation could have arisen from a grammatical mutation system where the particles fell away
*''dor'' = to be born ~ Hlou ''Ndol'' 'person'
*TODO: kl gl sk > q
*bach = small, meer = big
*hleubh = to love (hlub means "to love" in Hmong)
*kein = archaic negative word
*ein = emphasis/'rather'
*koobh = good
*cu = copper


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} has fewer initials than [[Hlou]], due to initial mutations.
===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
The maximal syllable structure is C(r/l)VC. A syllable is not allowed to terminate in a short vowel except in some function words.
C + V + tone


Allowed initial clusters (not counting mutations): '''pr tr cr br dr gr fr ngr spr str scr pl cl bl gl fl spl'''
===Initials===
''m n ņ l nl r y w'' = /m n ɲ l (dark l) r j w/


===Initials===
''hm hn hņ hl hr hy hw'' = /ʰm ʰn ʰɲ ʰl ʰr ç (voiceless w)/
{|class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center"
|-
|+'''Consonant phonemes'''
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
!colspan="2" | Labial
!colspan="2" | Alveolar
!colspan="2" | Velar
!rowspan="2" | Laryngeal
|-
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>slender</small>
! <small>broad</small>
|-
!rowspan="2" | Nasal
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|ʰmˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰmʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰn̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰnʲ}}
| {{IPA|ʰɲ}} || {{IPA|ʰŋ}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|mˠ}} || {{IPA|mʲ}}
| {{IPA|n̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|nʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɲ}} || {{IPA|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan="3" | Stop<br/>/Affricate
!<small>plain</small>
| {{IPA|pˠ}} || {{IPA|pʲ}}
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|tʲ}}
| {{IPA|c}} || {{IPA|k}}
| {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
!<small>tense</small>
| {{IPA|pˠ˭}} || {{IPA|pʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|t̪ˠ˭}} || {{IPA|tʲ˭}}
| {{IPA|c˭}} || {{IPA|k˭}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|bˠ}} || {{IPA|bʲ}}
| {{IPA|d̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|dʲ}}
| {{IPA|ɟ}} || {{IPA|g}}
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| {{IPA|fˠ}} || {{IPA|fʲ}}
| {{IPA|sˠ}} || {{IPA|ɕ}}
| {{IPA|ç}} || {{IPA|x}}
| {{IPA|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| {{IPA|vˠ}} || {{IPA|vʲ}}
| ||
| {{IPA|j}} || {{IPA|ɣ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Trill
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰrˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰrʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|rˠ}} || {{IPA|rʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!rowspan=2| Lateral
!<small>voiceless</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|ʰl̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|ʰlʲ}}
| ||
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| ||
| {{IPA|l̪ˠ}} || {{IPA|lʲ}}
| ||
|
|}


*/ʰm ʰn ʰŋ ʰl ʰr/ are written '''sm sn sng sl sr'''.
''p t tç ts tx c k q b d j g'' = /h t ts (Basque ts) tʃ c k q b d ɟ g/
*/p˭ t˭ k˭/ are written '''sp st sc'''.


===Vowels===
''pl bl tl dl'' = /hl bl tl dl/
/ˠa ˠɪ ˠɔ ˠʊ ˠaː ˠeː ˠiː ˠoː ˠuː ˠuə/ '''a oi/ui o u à aè aoì ò ù ua'''


/ʲa ʲi ʲaː ʲeː ʲiː ʲoː ʲuː ʲiə/ '''ea i à è/èi aoì eò iù ia'''
''ph th tçh tsh txh ch kh qh bh dh jh gh'' = /f θ s (Basque s) ʃ ç x χ v ð j ɣ/


===Finals===
''phl bhl thl dhl'' /fl vl ɬ ɮ/
The allowed finals are: /p t k m n ŋ l r j w/ {{angbr|''b d g m n ng l r igh bh''}}


===Tones===
''np nt ntç nts ntx nc nk nq nb nd nj ng'' = /b d dz (voiced Basque ts) dʒ ɟ g ɢ m n ɲ ŋ/
Rising, mid, falling (á, à/unmarked, â)


===Mutations===
''npl nbl ntl ndl'' /bl ml dl nl/
The following initials can undergo lenition or eclipsis:


{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
''f ç s x'' = /f s (Basque s) ʃ/
|-
|+ '''Initial mutations'''
|-
!|Grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''b''!!''f''!!''t''!!''d''!!''s''!!''z''!!''c''!!''g''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/m/||/p/||/b/||/f/||/t/||/d/||/s/||/z/||/k/||/g/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Lenited
!''mh''!!''ph''!!''bh''!!''fh''!!''th''!!''dh''!!''sh''!!''zh''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''∅''
|-
!IPA
|/v/||/f/||/v/||/h/||/h/||/ɣ/, /j/||/h/||/ʔ/||/x/||/ɣ/, /j/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Eclipsed
!''-''!!''bp''!!''mb''!!''bhf''!!''dt''!!''nd''!!''zs''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''n-g''!!''n-''
|-
!IPA
|''-''||/b/||/m/||/v/||/d/||/n/||/z/||''-''||/g/||/ŋ/||/n/
|}


In addition, h-prothesis adds ''h-'' to the beginning of a word beginning with a vowel.
''nf nç ns nx'', also ''fh çh sh xh'' = /v z (voiced Basque s) ʒ/


==Morphology==
===Rimes===
===Nouns===
''a i ao u e o ee oo ai ei oi au eu ia ua'' = /a ɪ ɨ ʊ ɛ ɔ i u ai ei oi au eu iə uə/
Compound words are head-final: ''seól-trù'' = 'agenda book' (lit. 'check-book', i.e. a book that one checks)


Attributive adjectives precede the noun and take the same mutation as the noun. Examples:
===Tones===
*''an gò gaoì'' 'the tall tree' (nominative)
9 tones:
*''an n-gò dtrù'' 'the long book' (nominative)


====Indefinite mutations====
*-Ø: mid level
====Definite mutations====
*-ch: glottal stop final
{{col-begin}}
*-s: low falling
{{col-break}}
*-r: low rising
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
*-gh: low breathy
! colspan="3" | Masculine definite mutations
*-mh: creaky
|-
*-bh: mid rising
! style="width: 90px;" |
*-dh: high falling
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
*-n: high level
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. acc.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. gen.
| lenition || eclipsis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Feminine definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. acc.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|-
! Def. gen.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | Neuter definite mutations
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| eclipsis || h-prothesis
|-
! Def. acc.
| lenition || eclipsis
|-
! Def. gen.
| h-prothesis || lenition
|}
{{col-end}}


{{col-begin}}
==Grammar==
{{col-break}}
Ko is SVO and head-initial. Mutations often operate on a syntactic basis.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
===Nouns===
! colspan="3" | ''gaoì'' 'tree' - masculine
plural word: ''yoo-L'' (placed after classifier but before noun)
|-
===Pronouns===
! style="width: 90px;" |
*xan = I
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
*çeedh = you
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''g'''aoì'' || ''na '''gh'''aoì''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''ng'''aoì'' || ''na '''g'''aoì''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gh'''aoì'' || ''na '''ng'''aoì''
|}
{{col-break}}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | ''crûaigh'' 'thought' - feminine
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''chr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''gcr'''ûaigh''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''cr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''chr'''ûaigh''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''gcr'''ûaigh'' || ''na '''cr'''ûaigh''
|}


{{col-break}}
===Classifiers===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style=" text-align: center;"
Classifiers were historically a very open class. They always eclipse the following noun.
! colspan="3" | ''trù'' 'book' - neuter
|-
! style="width: 90px;" |
! style="width: 100px;" | Singular
!  style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Def. nom.
| ''an '''dtr'''ù'' || ''na '''tr'''ù''
|-
! Def. acc.
| ''an '''thr'''ù'' || ''na '''dtr'''ù''
|-
! Def. gen.
| ''an '''tr'''ù'' || ''na '''thr'''ù''
|}
{{col-end}}


===Verb phrase===
''lu'', ''tzagh'', ''hņoobh'', ''lees'', ''çua'', ''yaus'', ...
Verbs do not inflect for subject agreement or tense; however, preverbal tense/discourse/connective markers trigger mutations on the verb. Unusually, connectives come immediately after the verb.


Tense:
*lu = humans, gods
*present: no marker
**''faon'' = a man; ''lu nfaon'' = the man (classifier ''lu'')
**''sèin'' = 'dies', ''eic'' /ʔɛk/ = 'buys'
*tçagh = animals, demons
*past: ''scuil'' + lenition
**''plaidh'' = a dog; ''tçagh nplaidh'' = the dog (classifier ''tçagh'')
**''scuil shèin'' = 'died', ''scuil eic'' = 'bought'  
**''tçagh Nja Ber Woch'' = a demon in Ko mythology
*future: ''ngê'' + h-prothesis
*hņoobh = tall objects such as trees, buildings
**''ngê sèin'' = 'will die', ''ngê h-eic'' 'will buy'
**''qo'' = a tree; ''hņoobh nqo'' the tree
*infinitive: ''go'' + lenition (from ''ge-'')
*çua: infinitive
**''go shèin'' = 'to die'
**''dor'' = is born; ''çua ndor'' = to be born (inf.)
Connectives:
*''lobh'': food, edible plants
*''zeár'': 'when'
*''zail'': inedible plants
*''daoìgh'' + eclipsis: 'because' (< AW ''deichen'')
*lees = nominalization, way of X-ing
*''spàl'': 'but, however'
**''doigh'' = 'to speak'; ''lees ndoigh'' 'language'
*In archaic language: fancy apparently ad-hoc classifiers for different animals and fruits (cf. English ''murder of crows'' except "murder" is a classifier)


===Derivational morphology===
===Verbs===
*''ba-'' + lenition: verbalizer
ba = subjunctive marker
**''ba-bhì'': 'nasalize' < ''bì'' 'nose'
*''go-'' + lenition (from ''ge-''): nominalizer
**also ''cor-''
*''inn-'': increments a verb's valency
*''sar-'': decrements a verb's velency


==Phrases==
''Ba fhaomh-saigh le çeedh'' = If you like it
*Thank you = ''Gôr-má thà gad!''


==Sample texts==
==Sample text==
===UDHR, Article 1===
===Tower of Babel===
:''Scuil shéibh bî-bî na fà go thúa mâ dè bân chor-stuid thàn creó dè thàn chor-cing. Séibh mî go [endowed with reason and conscience], dè [they should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood].''
:''Pugh çedh yaus nqar ņiamh tso txuabh çhaor aon lees ndoigh kiabh aon lees ntlair.''
:CONJ in CLF world whole PST give only one CLF language and one CLF speak
:And in the whole world there was one language and one way of speaking.


:''Roomh lu yoo las jhugh dle [hyoch mhar], [ka nfemh] re txuabh tçhaoch ibh yaus [njo qiagh] Xi-Na, pugh re txuabh cheich hmoi nblaun.''
:when CLF PL person travel eastward then
:As the people moved eastward...


[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Pfeunic languages]][[Category:Wiebic languages]][[Category:Hussmauch]][[Category:Pseudo-Celtic]]
[[Category:Quihum languages]][[Category:Tricin]][[Category:Languages]]
IlL
139,286

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/78917...305374"