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Letaale: Difference between revisions
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! Clitic !! Gloss !! Use !! Example !! Counterpart | ! Clitic !! Gloss !! Use !! Example !! Counterpart | ||
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| '''hua''' || <small>Q</small> || question clitic, turns the word it is attached to into a yes/no question || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">hua</span>lavi?'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Do you</span> eat<span style="color:blue">?</span>" || '''''hua''''' | | '''hua''' || <small>Q</small> || question clitic, turns the word it is attached to (ie. its "host") into a yes/no question || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">hua</span>lavi?'''''<br />"<span style="color:blue">Do you</span> eat<span style="color:blue">?</span>" || '''''hua''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''leo''' || <small>NEG</small> || negative clitic, "not", negates | | '''leo''' || <small>NEG</small> || negative clitic, "not", negates its host || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">leo</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">do not</span> eat." || '''''gui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''gui''' || <small>AFF</small> || affirmative clitic, "indeed", emphatically affirms | | '''gui''' || <small>AFF</small> || affirmative clitic, "indeed", emphatically affirms its host || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">gui</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You ''<span style="color:blue">do</span>'' eat." || '''''loe''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''heo''' || <small>NEG</small>.<small>Q</small> || negative question clitic, "not?", turns | | '''heo''' || <small>NEG</small>.<small>Q</small> || negative question clitic, "not?", turns its host into a question with an expected negative answer || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">heo</span>lavi?'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">don't</span> eat, <span style="color:blue">do you?</span>" || '''''hui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''hui''' || <small>AFF</small>.<small>Q</small> || affirmative question clitic, "indeed?", turns | | '''hui''' || <small>AFF</small>.<small>Q</small> || affirmative question clitic, "indeed?", turns its host into a question with an expected affirmative answer || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">hui</span>lavi.'''''<br />"You <span style="color:blue">do</span> eat, <span style="color:blue">don't you<?" || '''''heo''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''tui''' || <small>FOC</small> || focus clitic, indicates | | '''tui''' || <small>FOC</small> || focus clitic, indicates its host is the focus of the sentence, the new information that is being claimed || '''''Vee<span style="color:blue">tui</span>lavi'''''<br />"(<span style="color:blue">the thing is:</span>) you eat" || '''''nau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''nau''' || <small>TOP</small> || topic clitic, indicates | | '''nau''' || <small>TOP</small> || topic clitic, indicates its host is the topic of the sentence, known information about which something is claimed in the focus || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">nau</span>lavi'''''<br />"(<span style="color:blue">as for the fact that</span>) you eat" || '''''tui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''sau''' || or || inclusive disjunctive clitic, "or", "and/or", indicates an alternative which is not exclusive || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">sau</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">sau</span>'''''<br />"you (<span style="color:blue">either</span>)eat <span style="color:blue">or</span> you dance (<span style="color:blue">or both</span>)" || '''''sau''''' | | '''sau''' || or || inclusive disjunctive clitic, "or", "and/or", indicates an alternative which is not exclusive || '''''vee<span style="color:blue">sau</span>lavi vilaivaa<span style="color:blue">sau</span>'''''<br />"you (<span style="color:blue">either</span>)eat <span style="color:blue">or</span> you dance (<span style="color:blue">or both</span>)" || '''''sau''''' | ||
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| '''vui''' || and || simultaneous conjunctive clitic, "and", indicates a simultaneous addition || '''''veevuilavi vilaivaavui'''''<br />"you eat and dance (at the same time)" || '''''vui''''' | | '''vui''' || and || simultaneous conjunctive clitic, "and", indicates a simultaneous addition || '''''veevuilavi vilaivaavui'''''<br />"you eat and dance (at the same time)" || '''''vui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''nua''' || first || initial conjunctive clitic, "first", "initially", indicates | | '''nua''' || first || initial conjunctive clitic, "first", "initially", indicates its host occurs first in a sequence || '''''veenualavi vilaivaasua'''''<br />"first you eat, then you dance" || '''sua''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''sua''' || subsequently || subsequent conjunctive clitic, "then", "subsequently", indicates an addition that follows in time || '''''vilaivaa(nua) veesualavi'''''<br />"you dance, then you eat" || '''''vui''''' | | '''sua''' || subsequently || subsequent conjunctive clitic, "then", "subsequently", indicates an addition that follows in time || '''''vilaivaa(nua) veesualavi'''''<br />"you dance, then you eat" || '''''vui''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''kua''' || when || simultaneous punctual temporal clitic, "when", indicates that another event or situation occurs at the same time as what | | '''kua''' || when || simultaneous punctual temporal clitic, "when", indicates that another event or situation occurs at the same time as what is marked with '''kua''' || '''''Veekualavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"When you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''kua''''' / '''''jau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''jau''' || while || simultaneous continuous temporal clitic, "while", indicates that | | '''jau''' || while || simultaneous continuous temporal clitic, "while", indicates that its host is the temporal context for for another event or situation || '''''Veejaulavi vilaivaatui'''''<br />"While you're dancing, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''kua''''' / '''''jau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''mua''' || before || antetemporal punctual clitic, "before", indicates that | | '''mua''' || before || antetemporal punctual clitic, "before", indicates that its host comes ''after'' another event or situation || '''''Veemualavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Before you dance, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''nio''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''goe''' || until || antetemporal continuous clitic, "until", indicates that | | '''goe''' || until || antetemporal continuous clitic, "until", indicates that its host represents the end point of another event or situation || '''''Veegoelavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Until you dance, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''nio''' || after || posttemporal punctual clitic, "after", indicates that | | '''nio''' || after || posttemporal punctual clitic, "after", indicates that its host comes ''before'' another event or situation || '''''Veeniolavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"After you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''mua''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''joe''' || since || posttemporal continuous clitic, "since", "from", indicates that | | '''joe''' || since || posttemporal continuous clitic, "since", "from", indicates that its host represents the starting point of another event or situation || '''''Veejoelavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Since you ate, you've been dancing."<br />"From the time when you eat, you're going to dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''gua''' || because || specific causal clitic, "because", "since", "as", indicates that | | '''gua''' || because || specific causal clitic, "because", "since", "as", indicates that its host is the cause of another event or situation || '''''Veegualavi vilaivaatui.'''''<br />"Because you eat, you dance." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''noe''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''noe''' || therefore || specific effective clitic, "therefore", "so", indicates that | | '''noe''' || therefore || specific effective clitic, "therefore", "so", indicates that its host is the effect caused by another event or situation || '''''Vilaivaa(gua) veenoelavi.'''''<br />"You've been dancing; therefore, you eat." || '''''tui''''' / '''''nau''''' / '''''gua''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''vue''' || if.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential causal clitic, "if", indicates that | | '''vue''' || if.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential causal clitic, "if", indicates that its host, ''if it does turn out to be the case'', is the cause of another event or situation || '''''Veevuelavi vilaivaajue.'''''<br />"If you eat, (then) you dance." || '''''jue''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''jue''' || then.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential effective clitic, "then", indicates that | | '''jue''' || then.<small>REAL</small> || generic/potential effective clitic, "then", indicates that its host is the effect caused by another ''possible'' event or situation || '''''Veevuelavi vilaivaajue.'''''<br />"If you eat, (then) you dance." || '''''vue''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''viu''' || if.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis causal clitic, "if", indicates that | | '''viu''' || if.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis causal clitic, "if", indicates that its host is a ''hypothetical'' event or situation that, ''if it were true'', would the cause of another event or situation || '''''Veeviulavi vilaivaajiu.'''''<br />"If you ate, (then) you would dance." || '''''jiu''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''jiu''' || then.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis effective clitic, "then", "would" indicates that | | '''jiu''' || then.<small>IRR</small> || irrealis effective clitic, "then", "would" indicates that its host would be the effect caused by another ''hypothetical'' event or situation || '''''Veeviulavi vilaivaajiu.'''''<br />"If you ate, (then) you would dance." || '''''viu''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''gau''' || preparatively || telic causal clitic, indicates that | | '''gau''' || preparatively || telic causal clitic, indicates that its host is done in preparation in order to achieve another event or situation || '''''Veegaulavi vilaivaaneo.'''''<br />"You eat preparatively in order to dance." || '''''neo''''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| '''neo''' || so.that || telic effective clitic, "so that", "in order that", indicates that | | '''neo''' || so.that || telic effective clitic, "so that", "in order that", indicates that its host is the intended goal behind another event or situation || '''''Vilaivaa(gau) veeneolavi.'''''<br />"You dance in order to eat." || '''''vue''''' | ||
|} | |} | ||