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:[[Pradiul/Swadesh list]] | |||
{{Infobox language | |||
== | |image = | ||
|imagesize = | |||
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]] | |||
|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |||
|nativename=Γtiϝἀρ<br/>''Pradiul'' | |||
|pronunciation= | |||
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]] | |||
|region = Talma | |||
|familycolor=tergetic | |||
|fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]] | |||
|fam2=Ashanic | |||
|script={{PAGENAME}} script | |||
|iso3= | |||
|notice=IPA | |||
}} | |||
'''Pradiul''' (temporary name) is a minority [[Tergetian]] language of Talma inspired by Khmer and my ([[User:IlL]]'s) Germanic conlang [[Thedish]]. It is a descendant of [[Naeng/Classical|Classical Naeng]], and it belongs to the [[Anbirese]]-[[Ciètian]] sprachbund. | |||
Numbers: dån, riat, stiev, smiåχ, miuc, tiaχ, båθ, szep, laj, þiaf, saju, sriuχ | |||
Mariet ri mie Ven Dami = I live in Wen Dămea | |||
==Diachronics== | |||
a e i o u ü ah eh ih oh uh üh > ia e ie a o io iå y i å u iu | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
{| | {|class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" | | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"| | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Labial | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Dental | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Alveolar | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Postalveolar | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Velar | ||
!rowspan="2" | Glottal | |||
! | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2 | ! <small>hard</small> | ||
| '''m''' | ! <small>soft</small> | ||
| '''n''' | ! <small>hard</small> | ||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>soft</small> | |||
! <small>hard</small> | |||
|- | |||
!colspan="2"| Nasal | |||
| '''m''' {{IPA|m}} || '''mi''' {{IPA|mʲ}} | |||
| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} || '''ni''' {{IPA|nʲ}} | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | || | ||
| ''' | | '''ņi''' {{IPA|ɲ}} || '''ņ''' {{IPA|ŋ}} | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan=" | !rowspan="3" | Stop | ||
! | !<small>voiceless</small> | ||
| '''p''' | | '''p''' {{IPA|p}} || '''pi''' {{IPA|pʲ}} | ||
| '''t''' | | '''t''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''ti''' {{IPA|tʲ}} | ||
| ''' | | | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | || | ||
| ''' | | '''ki''' {{IPA|c}}|| '''k''' {{IPA|k}} | ||
| | | {{IPA|ʔ}} | ||
|- | |||
!<small>voiced</small> | |||
| '''b''' {{IPA|b}} || '''bi''' {{IPA|bʲ}} | |||
| '''d''' {{IPA|d̪}} || '''di''' {{IPA|dʲ}} | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| || | |||
| '''gi''' {{IPA|ɟ}} || '''g''' {{IPA|g}} | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !<small>aspirated</small> | ||
| ''' | ||| | ||
| ''' | | '''θ''' {{IPA|tʰ}} || '''θi''' {{IPA|tʰʲ}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | || | ||
| | | || | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !colspan="2" | Affricate | ||
| || | |||
| ''' | | '''c''' {{IPA|ts}} || '''ci''' {{IPA|tɕ}} | ||
| ''' | | | ||
| ''' | | | ||
| ''' | | '''cz''' {{IPA|tʂ}} || '''czi''' {{IPA|tʃ}} | ||
| | | || | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | | !colspan="2"|Fricative | ||
| ''' | | '''f''' {{IPA|f}} || '''fi''' {{IPA|fʲ}} | ||
| | | || | ||
| ''' | | '''s''' {{IPA|s}} || '''si''' {{IPA|ɕ}} | ||
| | | '''sz''' {{IPA|ʂ}} || '''szi''' {{IPA|ʃ}} | ||
| ''' | | '''chi''' {{IPA|ç}} | ||
| ''' | | '''ch''' {{IPA|x}} | ||
| | | '''h''' {{IPA|h}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan= | !colspan=2| Resonant | ||
| | | '''v''' {{IPA|v}} || '''vi''' {{IPA|vʲ}} | ||
| '''l''' | | '''l''' {{IPA|ɫ}} || '''li''' {{IPA|lʲ}} | ||
| '''r''' | | '''r''' {{IPA|ɾ}} || '''ri''' {{IPA|ɾʲ}} | ||
| ''' | | || | ||
| ''' | | '''j''' {{IPA|j}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Palatalization is neutralized for word-final consonants, however they assimilate to the palatalization of the next consonant: ''dån fniud'' [danʲ fʲnʲud] 'one day'. The only exception is word-final /v/ which is always [w]. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
/i | '''a/ia e/ie o/io å/iå y/i u/iu''' /a e o u i u/ | ||
== | |||
'''å''' was a different vowel /oə~uə/ in the earliest days of written Pradiul, but has merged with '''u''' /u/ for all modern speakers. | |||
Unstressed vowel: /ə/ (spelled '''a''' if nonpalatalizing and '''i''' if palatalizing) | |||
===Stress=== | |||
Stress is always final, as in Windermere. | |||
===Phonotactics=== | |||
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas. | |||
Here is a list (modulo palatalization) by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once): | |||
*Cl: pl, tl, cl, kl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl | |||
*Cr: pr, tr, cr, kr, br, dr, gr, fr, þr, chr, sr | |||
*Cm: tm, þm, km, chm, sm | |||
*Cn: fn, kn, chn, sn | |||
*Cņ: fņ, tņ, þņ, chņ, sņ | |||
*Cv: tv, þv, kv, chv, gv, sv | |||
*sC: sp, st, sk, sm, sn, sņ, sl, sr, sv | |||
*chC: chm, chn, chņ, chl, chr | |||
Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names. | |||
==Script== | |||
==Morphology== | |||
Similar to Talmic languages? Inflected prepositions, etc. | |||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Like Modern Windermere, Pradiul has two articles, the definite article ''fie'' and the specific article ''sie'' (from demonstratives ''fie'' 'that' and ''sie'' 'this'; cognate to Windermere ''fi'' and ''se'' with the same meanings). | |||
Noun plurals are different from Windermere and use incopyfixation instead of a fixed affix: ''knol'' 'leaf', ''kalnol'' 'leaves'. (compare Windermere ''cnul'', pl. ''imcnul'') | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Verbs display split-ergativity like in [[Anbirese]] and [[Ciètian]]. | |||
{{col-begin}} | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Intransitives''' | |||
:''Siåf fie paszå mie skiaθ codun.'' | |||
:go blow DEF wind LOC blow everywhere | |||
:The wind is blowing everywhere. | |||
:''Snakiaþ fie paszå codun.'' | |||
:{{angbr|PST}}blow DEF wind everywhere | |||
:The wind blew everywhere. | |||
{{col-break}} | |||
'''Transitives''' | |||
:''Siåf fie chmåp mie kmil.'' | |||
:go DEF people LOC vote | |||
:The people are voting. | |||
:''Ties, jin mong plafnane he fie chmåp chos fie nuplakå Bichand!'' | |||
:oh_no, 3SG.M REL {{angbr|PST}}elect ERG DEF people as DEF president Bjeheond | |||
:Oh no, the people have elected *him* as president of Bjeheond! | |||
{{col-end}} | |||
===Prepositions=== | |||
Talmic-style inflected prepositions | |||
sza: to | |||
*szar, szasz, szan, szas, szaf, szac, szang, szaszam, szam | |||
mie: at, in | |||
*mier, miesz, mien, mies, mief, miec, mieng, miszam, miam | |||
[[Category: | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
[[Category:Conlangs]] |
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