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|fam2 =Ongo Xeutyhuflone | |fam2 =Ongo Xeutyhuflone | ||
|fam3 = | |fam3 = | ||
|ancestor = | |ancestor =Akʉlehe | ||
|script =Ongo (Kukʉp alphabet) | |script =Ongo (Kukʉp alphabet) | ||
|creator =[[User:Z2a|z2a]] | |creator =[[User:Z2a|z2a]] | ||
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''Pinekatʉ'' is a term used by the Pineti to refer to their own language. With alleged use dating back to before Old Kukʉp, the word is often translated to mean "water speak" or "wet words". The Pineti have been known to disapprove of and discourage the use of the term by non-native speakers. | ''Pinekatʉ'' is a term used by the Pineti to refer to their own language. With alleged use dating back to before Old Kukʉp, the word is often translated to mean "water speak" or "wet words". The Pineti have been known to disapprove of and discourage the use of the term by non-native speakers. | ||
==Origins== | |||
==History== | |||
==Sociolinguistics== | |||
==Orthography== | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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* Mid word consonants : h, k, l, m, n, p, t, v, w, ŋ, ɾ, ʔ | * Mid word consonants : h, k, l, m, n, p, t, v, w, ŋ, ɾ, ʔ | ||
* Word final consonants : k, l, n, p, t, v, w, ɾ, ʔ | * Word final consonants : k, l, n, p, t, v, w, ɾ, ʔ | ||
==Grammar== | ==Grammar== | ||
Kukʉp uses Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb for word order, with adjectives placed before nouns and suffixes used when adpositions are necessary. | Kukʉp uses Subject-Oblique-Object-Verb for word order, with adjectives placed before nouns and suffixes used when adpositions are necessary. | ||
* "Mary opened the red door with a key" = ''Mary with a key the red door opened.'' (or "Marya kep evo | * "Mary opened the red door with a key" = ''Mary with a key the red door opened.'' (or "Marya kep evo nihue lil a'o inu kutet.") | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
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|'''nevo''' /’nevɒ/ | |'''nevo''' /’nevɒ/ | ||
|children | |children | ||
|Suffix: '''-(e) | |Suffix: '''-(e)v''' /-(ɛ)v/<br />'''nevov''' /’nevɒv/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Land | !Land | ||
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|'''erku''' /’ɛɾku/ | |'''erku''' /’ɛɾku/ | ||
|trees | |trees | ||
|Suffix: '''- | |Suffix: '''-a''' /-a/<br />'''erkua''' /ɛɾ’kua/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sea | !Sea | ||
|fish | |fish | ||
|''' | |'''kure''' /’kuɾɛ/ | ||
|fishes | |fishes | ||
|Suffix: '''- | |Suffix: '''-i''' /-i/<br />'''kurei''' /’kuɾɛi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sky | !Sky | ||
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|'''roi''' /’ɾoi/ | |'''roi''' /’ɾoi/ | ||
|birds | |birds | ||
|Suffix: '''- | |Suffix: '''-ʉ''' /-ʉ/<br />'''roiʉ''' /ɾo’iʉ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4"|Ergative | ! rowspan="4"|Ergative | ||
!Person | !Person | ||
|child | |child | ||
|Suffix: '''- | |Suffix: '''-(o)t''' /-(ɒ)t/<br />'''nevot''' /'nevɒt/ | ||
|children | |children | ||
|Suffix: '''-( | |Suffix: '''-(e)'''' /-(e)ʔ/<br />'''nevo'''' /'nevɒʔ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Land | !Land | ||
|tree | |tree | ||
|Suffix: '''-( | |Suffix: '''-(e)v''' /-(e)v/<br />'''erkuv''' /'ɛɾkuv/ | ||
|trees | |trees | ||
|Suffix: '''-( | |Suffix: '''-(u)wi''' /-(u)wi/<br />'''erkuwi''' /ɛɾ’kuwi/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sea | !Sea | ||
|fish | |fish | ||
|Suffix: '''-(o) | |Suffix: '''-(o)t''' /-(o)t/<br />'''kuret''' /’kuɾɛt/ | ||
|fishes | |fishes | ||
|Suffix: '''-( | |Suffix: '''-(o)'o''' /-(o)ʔo/<br />'''kure’o ''' /ku'ɾɛʔo/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sky | !Sky | ||
|bird | |bird | ||
|Suffix: '''- | |Suffix: '''-(u)p''' /-(u)p/<br />'''roip''' /'ɾoip/ | ||
|birds | |birds | ||
|Suffix: '''-( | |Suffix: '''-(ɒ)v''' /-(ɒ)v/<br />'''roiv''' /’ɾoiv/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
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!Person | !Person | ||
|the [child] | |the [child] | ||
|''' | |'''kit''' /kit/ | ||
|the [children] | |the [children] | ||
|''' | |'''kit''' /kit/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Land | !Land | ||
|the [tree] | |the [tree] | ||
|''' | |'''men''' /men/ | ||
|the [trees] | |the [trees] | ||
|''' | |'''men''' /men/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sea | !Sea | ||
|the [fish] | |the [fish] | ||
|''' | |'''ket''' /kɛt/ | ||
|the [fishes] | |the [fishes] | ||
|''' | |'''ket''' /kɛt/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sky | !Sky | ||
|the [bird] | |the [bird] | ||
|''' | |'''ting''' /tiŋ/ | ||
|the [birds] | |the [birds] | ||
|''' | |'''ting''' /tiŋ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4"|Ergative | ! rowspan="4"|Ergative | ||
!Person | !Person | ||
|the [child] | |the [child] | ||
|''' | |'''wit''' /wit/ | ||
|the [children] | |the [children] | ||
|''' | |'''vin''' /win/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Land | !Land | ||
|the [tree] | |the [tree] | ||
|''' | |'''man''' /man/ | ||
|the [trees] | |the [trees] | ||
|''' | |'''wen''' /wen/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sea | !Sea | ||
|the [fish] | |the [fish] | ||
|''' | |'''kow''' /kow/ | ||
|the [fishes] | |the [fishes] | ||
|''' | |''''ak''' /ʔat/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Sky | !Sky | ||
|the [bird] | |the [bird] | ||
|''' | |'''tin''' /tin/ | ||
|the [birds] | |the [birds] | ||
|'''' | |'''no'''' /noʔ/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Uses of definite article that differ from English: | |||
*Used to talk about countable nouns in general: English's ‘I like cats’ would translate to ‘I like the cats’ | |||
*Not used for mass (uncountable) nouns: English's ‘Walking in the mud’ would always translate to ‘Walking in mud’ | |||
*Used for languages: ‘The English’ | |||
*Used with place names: ‘The London’ | |||
====Indefinite Article==== | ====Indefinite Article==== | ||
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!1st. Singular | !1st. Singular | ||
|I | |I | ||
|'''lo''' / | |'''lo''' /lɒ/ | ||
|me | |me | ||
|''' | |'''le''' /lɛ/ | ||
|mine | |mine | ||
|''' | |'''li''' /li/ | ||
|to me | |to me | ||
|'''lo | |'''lo li''' /lɒ li/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd. Singular | !2nd. Singular | ||
|you | |you | ||
|''' | |'''po''' /po/ | ||
|you | |you | ||
|''' | |'''pem''' /pem/ | ||
|yours | |yours | ||
|''' | |'''pep''' /pɛp/ | ||
|to you | |to you | ||
|''' | |'''po li''' /po li/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd. Singular | !3rd. Singular | ||
|he/she/it | |he/she/it | ||
|''' | |'''vit''' /wit/ | ||
|him/her/it | |him/her/it | ||
|''' | |'''ven''' /wɛn/ | ||
|his/hers/its | |his/hers/its | ||
|''' | |'''vem''' /wem/ | ||
|to him/her/it | |to him/her/it | ||
|''' | |'''vit li''' /wit li/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!1st. Plural | !1st. Plural | ||
|we | |we | ||
|''' | |'''he''' /hɛ/ | ||
|us | |us | ||
|''' | |'''hup''' /hup/ | ||
|ours | |ours | ||
|''' | |'''hu''' /hu/ | ||
|to us | |to us | ||
|''' | |'''he li''' /hɛ li/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!2nd. Plural | !2nd. Plural | ||
|you | |you | ||
|''' | |'''rok''' /ɾot/ | ||
|you | |you | ||
|''' | |'''rov''' /ɾov/ | ||
|yours | |yours | ||
|''' | |'''ro'''' /ɾoʔ/ | ||
|to you | |to you | ||
|''' | |'''rok li''' /ɾot li/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
!3rd. Plural | !3rd. Plural | ||
|they | |they | ||
|''' | |'''i''' /i/ | ||
|them | |them | ||
|''' | |'''in''' /in/ | ||
|theirs | |theirs | ||
|''' | |''''in''' /ʔin/ | ||
|to them | |to them | ||
|''' | |'''i li''' /i li/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Kukʉp verbs don't use | Kukʉp verbs don't use indicative mood (past, present, or future tense). Instead, those details are determined through context. | ||
* Perfect aspect -- uses the word ''''reletʉ'''' before the main verb -- ''"have studied"'' or reletʉ petʉp | |||
* Progressive aspect -- | * Progressive aspect -- uses the word ''''tip'''' before the main verb -- ''"am studying"'' or tip petʉp | ||
* Imperative -- | * Imperative -- uses the word '''' ni' '''' before the main verb -- ''"study!" (as a command)'' or ni' petʉp | ||
* Negation -- | * Negation -- adds the suffix -(ʉ)ho /-(ʉ)hɒ/ to the verb -- ''"do not study"'' or petʉpʉho | ||
**Tense affixes come between the root verb and the progressive affix | |||
==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
Useful phrases | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
|- | |||
! English !! Kukʉp || IPA | |||
|- | |||
| Welcome || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Hello (General greeting) || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| How are you? || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Reply to "how are you?" || * ("Still alive") || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| What's your name? || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| My name is ... || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Where are you from? || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| I'm from ... || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Pleased to meet you || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Good morning (Morning greeting) || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Good afternoon (Afternoon greeting) || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Good evening (Evening greeting) || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Goodbye (Parting phrase || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Good night || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Good luck! || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Cheers! Good health! (Toasts used when drinking) || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Bon appetit/ Have a nice meal || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| I understand || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| I don't understand || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Yes || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| No || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Maybe || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| I don't know || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Please speak more slowly || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Please write it down || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Do you speak English? || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Do you speak Kukʉp?|| * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Yes, a little (reply to "Do you speak...?") || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Speak to me in *** || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| How do you say ... in ***? || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Excuse me || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| How much is this? || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Sorry || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Please || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Thank you || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Reply to thank you || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Where's the toilet? || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| I love you || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Get well soon || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Help! || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Fire! || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Stop! || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Christmas and New Year greetings || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Easter greetings || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| Birthday greetings || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| One language is never enough || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|- | |||
| My hovercraft is full of eels || * || /’evɒ/ | |||
|} | |||
===See also=== | ===See also=== |
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