1,279
edits
(61 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 173: | Line 173: | ||
===Stress=== | ===Stress=== | ||
=Orthography= | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!rowspan="2"|Uppercase !! Romanization || A || B || C || D || Ð || E || F || G || H || I || K || L || M || N || O || P || R || S || Þ || T || U || V || W || Y | |||
|- | |||
!Voþken | |||
|[[File:A-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:b-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:c-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:d-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:ð-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:e-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:f-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:g-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:h-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:i-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:k-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:l_UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:m-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:n-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:o-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:p-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:r-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:s-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:þ-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:t-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:u-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:v-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:w-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:y-UC.svg|20px]] | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="2"|Lowercase !! Romanization || a || b || c || d || ð || e || f || g || h || i || k || l || m || n || o || p || r || s || þ || t || u || v || w || y | |||
|- | |||
!Voþken | |||
|[[File:A-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:b-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:c-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:d-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:ð-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:e-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:f-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:g-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:h-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:i-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:k-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:l-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:m-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:n-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:o-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:p-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:r-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:s-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:þ-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:t-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:u-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:v-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:w-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:y-LC.svg|20px]] | |||
|} | |||
=Grammar= | =Grammar= | ||
Line 339: | Line 399: | ||
|surewyr | |surewyr | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Derivational Suffixes=== | |||
Diminutive suffix: -aryn | |||
===Pronouns=== | ===Pronouns=== | ||
Line 358: | Line 421: | ||
|onne | |onne | ||
|onest | |onest | ||
| | |onwest | ||
|onyr | |onyr | ||
|onneyr | |onneyr | ||
Line 366: | Line 429: | ||
|uððe | |uððe | ||
|uðest | |uðest | ||
| | |uðwest | ||
|uðyr | |uðyr | ||
|uððeyr | |uððeyr | ||
Line 374: | Line 437: | ||
|itta | |itta | ||
|test | |test | ||
| | |itwest | ||
|tayr | |tayr | ||
|ittayr | |ittayr | ||
Line 382: | Line 445: | ||
|suþþe | |suþþe | ||
|suþest | |suþest | ||
| | |suþwest | ||
|suþyr | |suþyr | ||
|suþþeyr | |suþþeyr | ||
Line 406: | Line 469: | ||
!rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiner | !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|Determiner | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
|''''' | |'''''foy''''' <br/> which | ||
|'''''led''''' <br/> this | |'''''led''''' <br/> this | ||
|'''''loyd''''' <br/> that | |'''''loyd''''' <br/> that | ||
|'''''seg''''' <br/> yon | |'''''seg''''' <br/> yon | ||
|rowspan="2"|''''' | |rowspan="2"|'''''byrcym''''' <br/> some | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''bytym''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever | |rowspan="2"|'''''bytym''''' <br/> any <br/> whichever <br/> whichsoever | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all | |rowspan="2"|'''''veylym''''' <br/> every <br/> each <br/> all | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no | |rowspan="2"|'''''þwivym''''' <br/> no | ||
|rowspan="2"|''''' | |rowspan="2"|'''''byonym''''' <br/> another | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|''''' | |'''''feyd''''' <br/> what | ||
|'''''ledeþ''''' <br/> these | |'''''ledeþ''''' <br/> these | ||
|'''''loydeþ''''' <br/> those | |'''''loydeþ''''' <br/> those | ||
Line 425: | Line 488: | ||
!rowspan="2"|Human | !rowspan="2"|Human | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
|''''' | |'''''frycegoþ''''' <br/> who | ||
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this | |'''''ledah''''' <br/> this | ||
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that | |'''''loydah''''' <br/> that | ||
Line 433: | Line 496: | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all | |rowspan="2"|'''''veylgoþ''''' <br/> everyone <br/> everybody <br/> all | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody | |rowspan="2"|'''''þwivgoþ''''' <br/> no one <br/> nobody | ||
|rowspan="2"|''''' | |rowspan="2"|'''''byongoþ''''' <br/> another <br/> someone else <br/> somebody else | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|''''' | |'''''frycegoþeþ''''' <br/> whom | ||
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these | |'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these | ||
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those | |'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those | ||
Line 445: | Line 508: | ||
!rowspan="2"|Nonhuman | !rowspan="2"|Nonhuman | ||
!Singular | !Singular | ||
|''''' | |'''''fryce''''' <br/> what | ||
|'''''ledah''''' <br/> this | |'''''ledah''''' <br/> this | ||
|'''''loydah''''' <br/> that | |'''''loydah''''' <br/> that | ||
Line 453: | Line 516: | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all | |rowspan="2"|'''''veyl''''' <br/> everything <br/> all | ||
|rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing | |rowspan="2"|'''''þwiv''''' <br/> nothing | ||
|rowspan="2"|''''' | |rowspan="2"|'''''byon''''' <br/> something else <br/> else <br/> other | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Plural | !Plural | ||
|''''' | |'''''fryceþ''''' <br/> what | ||
|'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these | |'''''ledhe''''' <br/> these | ||
|'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those | |'''''loydhe''''' <br/> those | ||
Line 462: | Line 525: | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Out of Two (dual) | !colspan="2"|Out of Two (dual) | ||
|''''' | |'''''fryceuþ''''' <br/> which one | ||
|'''''ledsuþ''''' <br/> this one | |'''''ledsuþ''''' <br/> this one | ||
|'''''loydsuþ''''' <br/> that one | |'''''loydsuþ''''' <br/> that one | ||
Line 470: | Line 533: | ||
|'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both | |'''''veylsuþ''''' <br/> both | ||
|'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither | |'''''þwivsuþ''''' <br/> neither | ||
|''''' | |'''''byonsuþ''''' <br/> other | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural) | !colspan="2"|Out of Many (plural) | ||
|''''' | |'''''fryceuþþe''''' <br/> which | ||
|'''''ledsuþþe''''' <br/> these | |'''''ledsuþþe''''' <br/> these | ||
|'''''loydsuþþe''''' <br/> those | |'''''loydsuþþe''''' <br/> those | ||
Line 481: | Line 544: | ||
|'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all | |'''''veylsuþþe''''' <br/> each <br/> all | ||
|'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none | |'''''þwivsuþþe''''' <br/> none | ||
|''''' | |'''''byonsuþþe''''' <br/> another | ||
|- | |- | ||
!rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb | !rowspan="6"|Pro-Adverb | ||
!colspan="2"|Location | !colspan="2"|Location | ||
| | |'''''fest''''' <br/> where | ||
| | |'''''festyng''''' <br/> here | ||
| | |'''''festynþ''''' <br/> there | ||
| | |'''''festynt''''' <br/> yonder | ||
| | |'''''byrcfest''''' <br/> somewhere | ||
| | |'''''bytfest''''' <br/> anywhere <br/> wherever <br/> wheresoever | ||
| | |'''''veylfest'''''<br/> everywhere | ||
| | |'''''þwivfest''''' <br/> nowhere | ||
| | |'''''byonfest''''' <br/> elsewhere | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Source | !colspan="2"|Source | ||
| | |'''''fiþ''''' <br/> whence | ||
| | |'''''fiþng''''' <br/> hence | ||
| | |'''''fiþnþ''''' <br/> thence | ||
| | |'''''fiþnt''''' <br/> | ||
| | |'''''byrcfiþ'''''<br/> somewhence | ||
| | |'''''bytfiþ''''' <br/> anywhence <br/> whencever <br/> whencesoever | ||
| | |'''''veylfiþ''''' <br/> everywhence | ||
| | |'''''þwivfiþ''''' <br/> nowhence | ||
| | |'''''byonfiþ''''' <br/> elsewhence | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Goal | !colspan="2"|Goal | ||
| | |'''''fast''''' <br/> whither | ||
| | |'''''fastyng''''' <br/> hither | ||
| | |'''''fastynþ''''' <br/> thither | ||
| | |'''''fastynt''''' <br/> | ||
| | |'''''byrcfast'''''<br/> somewhither | ||
| | |'''''bytfast''''' <br/> anywhither <br/> whitherever <br/> whithersoever | ||
| | |'''''veylfast''''' <br/> everywither | ||
| | |'''''þwivast''''' <br/> nowhither | ||
| | |'''''byonfast''''' <br/> elsewhither | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Time | !colspan="2"|Time | ||
| | |'''''feyþ''''' <br/> when | ||
| | |'''''feyþyng''''' <br/> now | ||
| | |'''''feyþynþ''''' <br/> then | ||
| | |'''''feyþynt''''' <br/> | ||
| | |'''''byrcfeyþ''''' <br/> sometime <br/> somewhen | ||
| | |'''''bytfeyþ''''' <br/> anytime <br/> anywhen <br/> whenever <br/> whensoever | ||
| | |'''''veylfeyþ''''' <br/> always <br/> everywhen | ||
| | |'''''þwivfeyþ''''' <br/> never <br/> nowhen | ||
| | |'''''byonfeyþ''''' <br/> elsewhen <br/> another time | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Manner | !colspan="2"|Manner | ||
| | |'''''fost''''' <br/> how <br/> whereby | ||
| | |'''''fostyng''''' <br/> thus <br/> hereby | ||
| | |'''''fostynþ''''' <br/> thereby | ||
| | |'''''fostynt''''' <br/> | ||
| | |'''''byrcfost''''' <br/> somehow | ||
| | |'''''bytfost''''' <br/> anyhow <br/> however <br/> howsoever | ||
| | |'''''veylfost''''' <br/> everyway <br/> everyhow | ||
| | |'''''þwivfost''''' <br/> no way <br/> no how | ||
| | |'''''byonfost''''' <br/> otherwise <br/> elseway <br/> elsehow | ||
|- | |- | ||
!colspan="2"|Reason | !colspan="2"|Reason | ||
| | |'''''frih''''' <br/> why <br/> wherefor | ||
| | |'''''frihyng''''' <br/> herefore | ||
| | |'''''frihynþ''''' <br/> therefore | ||
| | |'''''frihynt''''' <br/> | ||
| | |'''''byrcfrih''''' <br/> somewhy <br/> for some reason | ||
| | |'''''bytfrih''''' <br/> anywhy <br/> whyever <br/> whysoever | ||
| | |'''''veylfrih''''' <br/> everywhy | ||
| | |'''''þwivfrih''''' <br/> nowhy | ||
| | |'''''byonfrih''''' <br/> elsewhy | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 637: | Line 700: | ||
|ayð | |ayð | ||
|ayðy | |ayðy | ||
|- | |||
!Present Hodiernal | |||
|eþand | |||
|eþande | |||
|venind | |||
|veninde | |||
|hadond | |||
|hadonde | |||
|wanend | |||
|wanende | |||
|aynd | |||
|aynde | |||
|- | |||
!Past Hodiernal | |||
|eþatand | |||
|eþactand | |||
|venitind | |||
|venictind | |||
|hadotond | |||
|hadoctond | |||
|wanetend | |||
|wanectend | |||
|aytind | |||
|ayctind | |||
|- | |||
!Future Hodiernal | |||
|eþwaðand | |||
|eþwaðyand | |||
|venwiðind | |||
|venwiðyind | |||
|hadoðond | |||
|hadoðyond | |||
|waneðend | |||
|waneðyend | |||
|ayðind | |||
|ayðyind | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Hodiernal Tenses=== | |||
Hodiernal tenses in Voþken were previously pure hodiernal tenses referring to current day (present hodiernal), earlier in the day (past hodiernal), and later in the day (future hodiernal). Eventually the scope of both the past and future hodiernal tenses became wider and now refers exclusively to yesterday and tomorrow. | |||
====Register Split==== | |||
Since the temporal widening of the hodiernal case, the words corresponding to the time periods that the hodiernal tenses refer to have lost usage in the upper parts of Voþ societies and a register split has occurred where using the hodiernal conjugations are looked at as elegant proper speech. | |||
===Passive=== | ===Passive=== | ||
Line 665: | Line 769: | ||
|He must have drank the water. | |He must have drank the water. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |loy | ||
|Polite Permission | |Polite Permission | ||
|On | |On loy sun þray? | ||
|Might I leave? | |Might I leave? | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 675: | Line 779: | ||
|I can run. | |I can run. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |loy | ||
|Possibility | |Possibility | ||
|On | |On loy noyk. | ||
|I could fall. | |I could fall. | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 685: | Line 789: | ||
|I may leave. | |I may leave. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |veh | ||
|Permission | |Permission | ||
|Kyað onest | |Kyað onest veh voy þray? | ||
|May I drink the water? | |May I drink the water? | ||
|- | |- | ||
Line 748: | Line 852: | ||
==Adpositions== | ==Adpositions== | ||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
|+ Prepositions | |||
! !! Voþken !! Associated Case !! English | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3"| Grammatical | |||
|þwai || Ablative || away from, from | |||
|- | |||
|dac || Instrumental || with, by means of | |||
|- | |||
|swyn || Causal || for, for the purpose of | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="10"|Location | |||
|við || Adessive || near, at, by | |||
|- | |||
|cod || Antessive || before | |||
|- | |||
|ede || Apudessive || next to | |||
|- | |||
|guþ || Inessive || inside | |||
|- | |||
|ðal || Intrative || between | |||
|- | |||
|cef || Locative || at, on, in | |||
|- | |||
|kres || Pertingent || touching | |||
|- | |||
|nem || Postessive || behind | |||
|- | |||
|ðrei || Subessive || under | |||
|- | |||
|eft || Superessive || on top of | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="5"|Motion from | |||
|grun || Ablative || away from | |||
|- | |||
|fec || Delative || from the top of | |||
|- | |||
|hid || Egressive || beginning from (some time) | |||
|- | |||
|nera || Elative || out of the | |||
|- | |||
|myu || Initiative || beginning from (some location) | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="5"|Motion to | |||
| deg || Allative || to (the side of) | |||
|- | |||
| yet|| Illative || into | |||
|- | |||
| gyn || Lative || to (the location of) | |||
|- | |||
| hym || Sublative I || onto | |||
|- | |||
| royt || Sublative II || to (under) | |||
|- | |||
!rowspan="3"|Relation | |||
| gehet || Ablative || concerning | |||
|- | |||
| bedwað || Benefactive || for, for the benefit of | |||
|- | |||
| cinem || Causal || because of, due to, because | |||
|} | |||
==Questions== | ==Questions== | ||
Line 769: | Line 935: | ||
=Numbers= | =Numbers= | ||
The number system of Voþken is a base | The number system of Voþken is a base 5 system that reaches up to 5^5 before numbers are just the recitation of digits. | ||
Zero is "rukya". | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
!rowspan="2"|Digit | !rowspan="2"|Digit | ||
!colspan="6"|Powers of | !rowspan="2"|Ancient Glyph | ||
!rowspan="2"|Modern Glyph | |||
!colspan="6"|Powers of 5 | |||
|- | |||
!5^0 | |||
!5^1 | |||
!5^2 | |||
!5^3 | |||
!5^4 | |||
!5^5 | |||
|- | |- | ||
|0 | |||
|[[File:NUM rukya ancient.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:NUM rukya.svg|20px]] | |||
|rukya | |||
|colspan="5"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
|1 | |1 | ||
|[[File:NUM gad ancient.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:NUM gad.svg|20px]] | |||
|gad | |gad | ||
|gadur | |gadur | ||
Line 791: | Line 968: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2 | |2 | ||
|[[File:NUM þes ancient.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:NUM þes.svg|20px]] | |||
|þes | |þes | ||
|þesur | |þesur | ||
Line 799: | Line 978: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|3 | |3 | ||
| | |[[File:NUM syk ancient.svg|20px]] | ||
|[[File:NUM syk.svg|20px]] | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|syk | |syk | ||
|sykur | |sykur | ||
Line 814: | Line 987: | ||
|sykurþa | |sykurþa | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |4 | ||
|[[File:NUM wyk ancient.svg|20px]] | |||
|[[File:NUM wyk.svg|20px]] | |||
|wyk | |wyk | ||
|wykur | |wykur | ||
Line 821: | Line 996: | ||
|wykira | |wykira | ||
|wykurþa | |wykurþa | ||
|} | |||
==Mathematics== | |||
All math expressions are read from right to left just as the orthography is read. | |||
''Operators'' | |||
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
!Operation | |||
!Operator | |||
!Voþken Term | |||
!Translation | |||
|- | |||
|addition | |||
| | |||
[[File:OP hes.svg|20px]] | |||
|hes | |||
|and | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |subtraction | ||
| | |[[File:OP vat.svg|20px]] | ||
|vat | |||
|take | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |Unary Minus | ||
| | |[[File:OP isna.svg|20px]] | ||
|isna | |||
|debt | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |multiplication | ||
| | |* | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |division | ||
| | |/ | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | |equate | ||
| | |[[File:OP twac.svg|20px]] | ||
|twac | |||
|same, equal | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | |exponentiate | ||
| | |[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]] | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |- | ||
| | |logarithm | ||
| | |[[File:FIG_logExpTriangle.svg|80px]] | ||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |} | ||
=Sample Texts= | =Sample Texts= | ||
<b>Onyr ðoþ onest guweð.</b><br> | |||
1-GEN destiny-ABS 1-ERG see-FUT<br> | |||
'You will see your doom/destiny.'<br> | |||
[ʊ.nɪɹ ðʊθ ʊ.nɛst gu.wɛð]<br> | |||
<b>Dac kwenð goþ ittest ciet.</b><br> | |||
PREP-INSTR bad person-ABS 3PL-ERG oppress-PERF<br> | |||
'They were oppressed by the bad person.'<br> | |||
[dæʃ kwɛnð gʊθ it.tɛst ʃi.ɛt]<br> | |||
<b>Nydfirs onest cosdwa cwelet, ledah firs onest cwel þwi, hes þyufirs onest kiþ cweleð.</b><br> | |||
Lastday-ABS 1-ERG long-ADV run-PERF, this day-ABS 1-ERG run NEG, and nextday-ABS 1-ERG again run-FUT<br> | |||
'Yesterday I ran far, today I did not run, and tomorrow I will run again.'<br> | |||
[nɪd.fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃʊz.dwæ ʃwɛl.ɛt lɛ.dæx fiɹz ʊ.nɛst ʃwɛl θwi xɛs θju.fiɹz kiθ ʃwɛl.ɛð]<br> | |||
[[Category: Languages]][[Category: A priori]][[Category: Voþken]][[Category: Ergative-absolutive languages]] |
edits