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→‎Verbs

Alex Stark

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 === Verbs ===
+Verbs in Skegletorahh'gallã aren't as complicated as nouns. They don't need to be conjugated or to match gender nor number (at least most of them anyway). Instead, they use particles to indicate the time of the action and whether it is complete or ongoing. Others verbal distinctions in Skegletorahh'gallã are: transitivity (it happens), reflexivity (it happens to the subject) and polite or rude imperativeness (I order you to.../ Please,...).
+=== Infinitive ===
+The infinitive form of the verb is represented with the prefix zai-.
+=== Tenses ===
+Tenses indicate the time in which an action is taking place. All over the years tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã have been evolving. By the times of Old High Gallifreyan there were around 200 tenses but with the constant modernization of the language those tenses that were rarely used became obsolete. The actual Modern Gallifreyan has only 32 'practical' tenses plus other 10 for discussing Alternate Universes.
+The following is a chart with all the verbal tenses in Skegletorahh'gallã. I'll be adding approximate English tense names for an easy future reference.
+The verb we'll be using as an example is zai'rherjy [zaiʢr.χer.ɟi] (to go).
+=== Imperative Mood ===
+In the present or future tense.
+Rude or informal form: baehilt after the verb
+Polite form: baeh before the verb
+Negative form: bareh before the verb
+=== Alternate Universes ===
+The tenses for Alternate Universes are conformed of the auxiliary, the verb and the suffix 'kalra.
+Example:
+ rherjy'kalra iera (will go in an Alternate Universe)
+Although, only 10 of the verb tenses can be used in the AU mode:
+. Present
+. Past Perfect
+. Past Imperfect
+. Past Anterior
+. Future
+. Future Perfect
+. Future Continuous
+. Pluperfect
+. Saudade
+. Conditional Perfect
+=== Timelines ===
+It's not necessary to specify in which or whose timeline the actions are being performed, nevertheless, if you're engaging conversation with someone not in sync with your time-stream it'd be a big help to add a Timeline Specifier when conjugating a verb. There are 4 timelines in which one can talk so things don't get all wibly-wobley:
+. Personal Timeline: The Timeline of the speaker not the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is not present. It's represented with the word žan [t͡ʂan] after the verb.
+. Individual Timeline: The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used generally when the subject is also the speaker. It's represented with the word žana [t͡ʂɒ.na] before the verb.
+. Main Timeline: The Timeline of the subject who commits the action. Used when the subject isn't the same as the speaker. It's represented with the word žani [t͡ʂa.ni] after the verb.
+. Universal Timeline: The Timeline of the Universe, the one that never changes. It's represented with the word žante [t͡ʂan.te] at the beginning of the sentence.
+. Gallifreyan Timeline: Gallifrey is located in a Micro-Universe outside of Time, thus when you are on Gallifrey you are in Inner Time, “outside” of the Universe. This keeps Gallifreyan history and continuity separated from the rest of the Universe. This Timeline Specifier is used with the Personal, Individual and Main Timelines. It's represented with the word žaNGe [t͡ʂa.ɳe] at the other side of the verb in relation of the second timeline specifier.
+=== Fixed Points in Time ===
+Time Lords can see what is, what could be, what used to be, what must never happen and what must never change (fixed points in time).
+To talk about the former three we use the Possible Future, Forgettable Past and the Inconceivable tenses respectively. But when it comes to fixed points in time, simply add the word baghk [ʙaɠk] after the conjugated verb. Some count this as the 33rd verb tense of the Gallifreyan language.
+=== Aspect ===
+Habitual
+It is used to indicate actions the speaker does or did frequently
+	Past Tenses: Pira jeyi dodagçaś Earth ndi-rikhutsń vlaystgkem rherjy. - "I used to go to planet Earth"
+	Present Tenses: Pira jyei dodagçaś Earth ndi-rikhutsń rherjy. - "I go to planet Earth frequently"
+	Future Tenses: Pira jyei dodagçaś Earth ndi-rikhutsń rherjy iera. - "I would like to get into the habit of frequently go to planet Earth"
+Telicity
+Indicates if an action has been completed as intended.
+Pira jyei çagts-qutć vuranovi rhassisyy sźotsẽ sryyniash soz. – I read your book every month (and finish it every time)
+Inceptive
+Used for referring to the beginning of an action or state.
+Pira jyei bãsklo pośsi irgyu. – I started running because of a change in the past
+Durative
+It's used for marking the duration of an action or if it stopped for a while.
+Delimitative: qutć tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy-ha iera – as soon as you go, I will go for a while
+Pausative: qutć ha-tarźemk rherjy, pira jyei rherjy iera – as soon as you stop going, I will go
+Causative
+It's used to indicate that someone or something played a role assisting or causing another action. The Causative is divided into 4 cases:
+	- Forced Action: Thlihante zai-baehilt – Someone/something is making someone/something do something.
+	- Assisted Action: Ñetroplg zai-baehilt – Someone/something is helping someone/something do something.
+	- Permitted Action: Xērtten zai-baehilt – Someone/something is letting someone/something do something.
+	- An Action Caused Indirectly or As a Result of Something Else: Raigh-llakhib zai'baehilt – Something else happened that let/caused someone/something to do something.
+Momentane
+It's used to indicate that an action happened involuntarily in a sudden and quick manner.
+	Yo śek meelćzup – suddenly and quickly died but it was erased from time
+Defective
+Indicates that an action almost happened. Some scholars place this aspect as a subform of the Telicity aspect.
+Ćrestasebe rherjy mara – I almost never went in the past but could not possibly go at all in the future
+Intensity
+Used to denote the specific intensity of (or put on) an action.
+Intensive: jeksdamn thaskovo – yelled loudly (with a strong force)
+Attenuative: jeksdamn irgyuso – barely ran (didn't put much energy into it)
+Intentionality
+Indicates if an action was done deliberately or accidentally.
+Intentional: kyy treźpau estrupa – had harmed on purpose
+Accidental: k treźpau ustigraã – had laughed accidentally
+=== Verb Cases ===
+Ten cases with one or several adpositions each.
+Desiderative
+	- Expressing optional desire: Pira jyei gonk zai-aźñortem – I wish to travel.
+	- Used to express not optional desire: Pira jyei mirha zai-aźñortem – I want to travel.
+Obligational
+	- Expressing preferential obligation but it's not optional: Pira jyei denja zai-aźñortem – I must travel.
+	- Expressing optional but preferential obligation: Pira jyei denśa zai-aźñortem – I should travel.
+Necessity
+	- Optional necessity: Pira jyei prnte zai-aźñortem – I need to travel.
+	- Obligatory necessity: Pira jyei denta-prnte zai-aźñortem – I have to travel.
+Alethic
+	- Having the potential or possibility to do something: Pira jyei delgart zai-aźñortem – I can travel.
+	- Having the opportunity to do something: Pira jyei usogz-delgart zai-aźñortem – I could travel.
+Potential
+	- To express probability: Pira jyei dahel zai-aźñortem – I will probably travel.
+Irrealis
+	- Expressing regret over a past event now long gone: Pira jyei xarthlov zai-aźñortem pira jyei ayiretuj gusźarrr jekkçamp – If I had travelled, I wouldn't be here.
+Instrumentative
+	- Indicates the means, cause and instrument of causation of the action: Vogh gulth gusloghe nivh merthito – He drowns with water.
+=== To Be ===
+The Gallifreyan verb To Be promises to be a headache for English speakers. For starters, there are 2 forms of To Be, pretty much like in Spanish, and secondly, both of them are optional verbs.
+The first verb be is zai'olvs'hekgonn [zai.ʢol.ves.ħek.ɡonː] which is used for sentences like “to be someone” or “to be something”
+The second be is zai'jekkçamp [zaiʢ.ʤekː.θamp]. This one is used in sentences like “to be somewhere” or “to be with someone”
+Olvs'hekgonn and jekkçamp aren't common verbs in Skegletorahh'gallã. Sometimes even, it's not necessary to add them to the sentence at all.
+e.g. The table is outside → Unsobriyi'epreog.
+In this example whether you add jekkçamp or not is irrelevant because the listener will understand that the table is outside. Same thing happens with the Indicative Possession, where the suffixes 'heç and 'ehç replace olvs'hekgonn altogether. One could even dare to say both To Be are just used to indicate emphasis.
+=== Participle ===
+Participle verbs are replaced by nouns in Gallifreyan. Instead of saying “Made in Mars” you will say “Fabrication in Mars”
+=== Reflexive Verbs ===
+All reflexive verbs are irregular.
+=== Irregular Verbs ===
+When transitive verbs are only conjugated according to tenses, irregular verbs also need concord in number. That means they need especial suffixes to match the number of the pronoun. In the case of singular pronouns there's no need to add a suffix, it's just when we're talking about plurals that things get complicated.
+For the plurals in the 1st person it's necessary to add hhe [ɦe] at the end of the verb.
+For the 2nd person we use the suffix an [an]. If the verb ends in one or more vowels they should be eliminated and replaced with the suffix alone: e.g. NGalʦẽ [ɳal.ʦẽ] (be lost) → NGalʦan [ɳal.ʦan]
+Finally, for the 3rd person we add the suffix iz [iz]. If the verb ends in one or more vowels we proceed like in the case of the 2nd person suffix.
+Some verbs become irregular with context. At the end of this guide you'll find a list of the irregular verbs, all of them with their correct spelling once the suffixes are added. In the list you'll learn in which context some regular verbs become irregular as well.
+=== To Be in the State of... ===
+We already learned when we studied the emotional words that there's an especial To Be verb used exclusively to describe emotions: zai'zaphod [zaiʢ.zap.xod].
+"I'm in love" in Skegletorahh'gallã would read as follows: Pira jyei lomã zaphod, which literally translates as “I am in the state of love”
+Now, if you want to tell someone that you love them, you'll have to use the rule of the Emotional Response Verb, which consists of the verb x'ly (make) with the particle u after both pronouns.
+I love you – Qutč pira jyei-vol x'lyu lomã zai'zaphod (you make me be in the state of love)
+This rule is used with all the emotions.
 === Particles ===
 === Derivational morphology ===