Consonant charts
Pulmonic consonants
|
|
Bilabial
|
Labio-dental
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Post-alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Alveolo-palatal
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Pharyngeal
|
Epiglottal
|
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
m̥ m
|
ɱ
|
n̪
|
n̥ n
|
n̠
|
ɳ
|
|
ɲ̥ ɲ
|
ŋ̊ ŋ
|
ɴ
|
|
|
|
| Plosive
|
p b
|
p̪ b̪
|
t̪ d̪
|
t d
|
t̠ d̠
|
ʈ ɖ
|
|
c ɟ
|
k g
|
q ɢ
|
|
ʡ
|
ʔ
|
| Affricate
|
p͡ɸ b͡β
|
p̪͡f b̪͡v
|
t̪͡θ d̪͡ð
|
t͡s d͡z
|
t͡ʃ d͡ʒ
|
ʈ͡ʂ ɖ͡ʐ
|
t͡ɕ d͡ʑ
|
c͡ç ɟ͡ʝ
|
k͡x g͡ɣ
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
ɸ β
|
f v
|
θ ð
|
s z
θ̠ ð̠
|
ʃ ʒ
|
ʂ ʐ
|
ɕ ʑ
|
ç ʝ
|
x ɣ
|
χ ʁ
|
ħ ʕ
|
ʜ ʢ
|
h ɦ
|
| Approximant
|
β̞
|
ʋ
|
|
ɹ
|
|
ɻ
|
|
j
|
ɰ
|
|
|
|
|
| Trill
|
ʙ
|
|
|
r
|
|
ɽ͡r
|
|
|
|
ʀ
|
|
я
|
|
| Flap or tap
|
ⱱ̟
|
ⱱ
|
|
ɾ
|
|
ɽ
|
|
|
|
ɢ̆
|
|
ʡ̯
|
|
| Lateral fric.
|
|
|
|
ɬ ɮ
|
|
ɭ˔̊
|
|
ʎ̥˔
|
ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral app.
|
|
|
|
l
|
|
ɭ
|
|
ʎ
|
ʟ
|
|
|
|
|
| Lateral flap
|
|
|
|
ɺ
|
|
ɺ̠
|
|
ʎ̯
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-pulmonic consonants
Ejectives
Ejective consonants are marked in the IPA with an apostrophe. Voiced ejectives are thought by many to be impossible for humans to produce.
|
|
Bilabial
|
Labio-dental
|
Dental
|
Alveolar
|
Post-alveolar
|
Retroflex
|
Alveolo-palatal
|
Palatal
|
Velar
|
Uvular
|
Pharyngeal
|
Epiglottal
|
Glottal
|
| Plosive
|
p'
|
|
|
t'
|
|
ʈ'
|
|
c'
|
k'
|
q'
|
|
|
|
| Affricate
|
p͡ɸ'
|
p̪͡f'
|
|
|
t͡ʃ'
|
ʈ͡ʂ'
|
t͡ɕ'
|
c͡ç'
|
k͡x'
|
|
|
|
|
| Fricative
|
ɸ'
|
f'
|
θ'
|
s'
|
ʃ'
|
ʂ'
|
ɕ'
|
ç'
|
x'
|
χ'
|
|
|
|
Vowel chart
|
|
Front
|
Near-front
|
Central
|
Near-back
|
Back
|
| Close
|
i y
|
|
ɨ ʉ
|
|
ɯ u
|
| Near-close
|
|
ɪ ʏ
|
ɪ̈ ʊ̈
|
ʊ
|
|
| Close-mid
|
e ø
|
|
ɘ ɵ
|
|
ɤ o
|
| Mid
|
e̞ ø̞
|
|
ə
|
|
ɤ̞ o̞
|
| Open-mid
|
ɛ œ
|
|
ɜ ɞ
|
|
ʌ ɔ
|
| Near-open
|
æ
|
|
ɐ
|
|
|
| Open
|
a ɶ
|
|
ä
|
|
ɑ ɒ
|
Here is another version of the vowel chart:
|
|
Front
|
Near-front
|
Central
|
Near-back
|
Back
|
| Close
|
|
i • y
ɨ • ʉ
ɯ • u
ɪ • ʏ
ɪ̈ • ʊ̈
• ʊ
e • ø
ɘ • ɵ
ɤ • o
e̞ • ø̞
ə
ɤ̞ • o̞
ɛ • œ
ɜ • ɞ
ʌ • ɔ
æ •
ɐ
a • ɶ
ä
ɑ • ɒ
|
|
| Near‑close
|
| Close‑mid
|
| Mid
|
| Open‑mid
|
| Near‑open
|
| Open
|
