User:IlL/A Danified analytic Neo-Arabic/Ancient
TODO: should have a celtic name
Ancient Cubrite | |
---|---|
κubrijjā | |
Pronunciation | [/'kʰubri:ja:/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Lõis |
Afro-Asiatic
|
Kubrīδ (natively 𐤄𐤋𐤔𐤅𐤍 𐤄𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍𐤉𐤀 hal-lasōn haκ-κubrijjā /ʔal'lasoːn ʔak'kʰubri:ja:/ or hal-lasōn hat-turūdijjā) is the stage of Cubrite after the split from Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew. It was used as a literary language during this period and was the language of Near-East druidism, a form of Celtic druidism incorporating Semitic pagan elements, before the religion was supplanted by Henosis Ousias. It was then that the drastic changes that had occurred in the spoken language began to be reflected in writing, thus ushering in the era of modern Xnánið.
Ancient Cubrite developed in isolation from Jewish Hebrew and was influenced by Celtic languages such as Gaulish and Galatian. It is a separate lineage from the Post-Exilic Jewish reading traditions that eventually gave rise to Tiberian Hebrew and the modern Jewish reading traditions in Lõis.
Surviving literature in Ancient Cubrite includes bardic poetry; one Beowulf-length heroic epic, Hikkēdē Harδuγār (Tales of Harδuγār); incantations; and instructions for various rituals.
Todo
- Long and overlong vowels?
- When should matres lectionis be used?
- some a-priori roots
Phonology
Orthography
Ancient Cubrite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so.
Since Ancient Cubrite merged /ʔ/ and /h/ completely, the letters aleph (half) and he (hê) are confused in earlier texts. Eventually the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article haC-.
Consonants
Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Ancient Cubrite merged:
- /x/ with /ħ/ into /ħ/
- /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/
- /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/
- /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.)
- /s/ and /š/ into /s/
On the other hand, it gained consonants allophonically (see #Mutations).
/m p b f v n t d tʰ θ ð ts s tsʰ ɣ̃ ħ k g kʰ x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~h~Ø/ ⟨m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w j r h⟩
Mutations
Words can undergo initial mutation but the mutations are different from the begadkefat spirantization in Tiberian Hebrew. The following mutations occur after a vowel:
- beth /p/ → /b/
- pe /f/ → /v/
- daleth /t/ → /d/
- taw /θ/ → /ð/
- gimel /k/ → /g/
- kaph /x/ → /ɣ/
- zayin /ts/ → /dz/
- samekh /s/ → /z/
Vowels
Ancient Cubrite had overlong vowels.
a e i u ā ē ī ō ū â ê î ô û /a ɛ~e ɪ~ɨ ʊ~o aː ɛː iː ɔː uː aːː ɛːː iːː ɔːː uːː/
The phonemic distinction between /e/ and /i/ is doubtful.
Many instances of long and overlong vowels resulted from dropped aleph and he and instances of lost gemination in grammatical affixes. For example: pû 'come! (m.sg.)' (from *būʔ < *buʔ, Tiberian Hebrew /bo:/)
Prosody
Stress
There were major stress shifts away from final stress from Pre-Exilic Hebrew to Ancient Cubrite, eventually resulting in unconditional initial stress.
- Stress shifted to penultimate for feminine singular nouns ending in -ā in adjectives, then nouns, by analogy with the unstressed 3SG.F perfect affix -ā.
- By analogy, stress shifted to penultimate for nouns ending in a plural suffix -īm, -ē, or -ōδ.
- Stress became uniformly initial, ignoring proclitics such as the definite article haC-, and prepositions wa- 'and', la- 'dative', ba- 'locative/instrumental', ka- 'like', miC- 'from'. Vowel reduction in surviving texts (missing matres lectionis, or changes in vowels) suggests that at first this was done deliberately as a stylized way to chant incantations.
Intonation
Morphophonology
Grammar
Syntax was retained as VSO under the influence of Celtic.
Pronouns
Independent
- 1sg: hanī, nī
- 2sg: haθθa, θa (m); haθθe, θe (f)
- 3sg: hū (m); hī (f)
- 1pl: haħnu,
- 2pl: haθθemma, θemma (m); haθθenna, θenna (f)
- 3pl: hemma (m), henna (f)
Nouns
Inflection
The definite article was ʔaC- (from Biblical Hebrew *haC-). It caused gemination of the following consonant; if the following consonant was a guttural and thus could not geminate, it was lengthened to ʔā-.
The Biblical feminine singular ending *-ā́ became unstressed -ā, and the stress in feminine singular nouns in -ā shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are -t, -θ or -δ. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed -īm and unstressed -ōδ, from Biblical Hebrew *-ī́m and *-ṓt.
Often -ā is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has -t.
The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew.
Example with sūs 'horse' and sūsā 'female horse':
number | singular | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
gender | m. | f. | m. | f. |
indef. | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 sūs /suːs/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 sūsā /ˈsuːsaː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 sūsīm /ˈsuːsiːm/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 sūsōδ /ˈsuːsoːð/ |
def. | 𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎 has-sūs /ʔassuːs/ |
𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀 has-sūsā /ʔasˈsuːsaː/ |
𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌 has-sūsīm /ʔasˈsuːsiːm/ |
𐤄𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 has-sūsōδ /ʔasˈsuːsoːð/ |
const. | 𐤎𐤅𐤎 sūs /suːs/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 sūsaδ /ˈsuːsað/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 sūsē /ˈsuːseː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 sūsōδ /ˈsuːsoːð/ |
"my" | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 sūsī /ˈsuːsiː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 sūsaδī /ˈsuːsaðiː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 sūsê /ˈsuːseːː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 sūsuδê /ˈsuːsuðeːː/ |
"thy" (m) | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sūsaγa /ˈsuːsaɣa/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sūsaδaγa /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 sūsēγa /ˈsuːseːɣa/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 sūsuδēγa /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/ |
"thy" (f) | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 sūsaγe /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 sūsaδaγe /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 sūsēγe /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 sūsuδēγe /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/ |
"his" | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 sūsō /ˈsuːsoː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤅 sūsaδō /ˈsuːsaðoː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅 sūsô /ˈsuːsoːː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅 sūsuδô /ˈsuːsuðoːː/ |
"her" | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 sūsâ /ˈsuːsaːː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 sūsaδâ /ˈsuːsaðaːː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀 sūsehâ /ˈsuːseʔaːː/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀 sūsuδēhâ /ˈsuːsuðeːʔaːː/ |
"our" | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 sūsinu /ˈsuːsinu/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 sūsaδinu /ˈsuːsaðinu/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍 sūsēnu /ˈsuːseːnu/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍 sūsuδēnu /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/ |
"y'all's" (m) | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌 sūsaγem /ˈsuːsaɣem/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 sūsaδaγem /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌 sūsēγem /ˈsuːseːɣem/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌 sūsuδēγem /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/ |
"y'all's" (f) | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 sūsaγen /ˈsuːsaɣen/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 sūsaδaγen /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍 sūsēγen /ˈsuːseːɣen/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍 sūsuδēγen /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/ |
"their" (m) | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 sūsām(u) /ˈsuːsaːm(u)/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 sūsaδām(u) /ˈsuːsaðaːm(u)/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤌𐤅 sūsêm, sūsēmu /ˈsuːseːːm, ˈsuːseːmu/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌, 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤌𐤅 sūsuδêm, sūsuδēmu /ˈsuːsuðeːːm ˈsuːsuðeːmu/ |
"their" (f) | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 sūsān /ˈsuːsaːn/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 sūsaδān /ˈsuːsaðaːn/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍 sūsên /ˈsuːseːːn/ |
𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍 sūsuδên /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/ |
Other inflections
The directive he in Biblical Hebrew reflects as -a.
Adjectives
Adjectives are very similar to pre-exilic Biblical Hebrew. Adjectives can be put in construct state: e.g. ħṓli hā́bā 'lovesick (m.sg.)' (ħṓli is the construct of ħṓlē 'sick').
A common way to express 'very, extreme(ly), great(ly)' was to use the prefix rō- (which caused mutation; borrowed from Proto-Celtic *ɸro-; cognate to Irish ró-, Welsh rhy, both 'too, excessively'). At first only adjectives could take this prefix, but later it was also used on nouns (influenced by Biblical Hebrew רוב *rubb 'multitude' used before a noun).
Verbs
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use; another stem (the L-stem; TibH פולל pôlêl) remained fully productive in Ancient Cubrite. Ancient Cubrite also developed the binyan fuȝal (passive of faȝal) completely, instead of merging it completely with fuȝȝal like Tiberian Hebrew.
Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew:
- preterite independent (from the BH waw-consecutive preterite)
- present independent (from the BH waw-consecutive imperfect)
- preterite dependent (from the BH perfect)
- present dependent (from the BH imperfect)
- imperative
- cohortative -a
- infinitive construct
- participles
The following verb forms lost their productivity:
- emphatic m.sg. imperative -a
- jussive (only survives in hajā 'to be')
- infinitive absolute
The Biblical Hebrew waw-consecutive now came to play a purely syntactic role: The waw-consecutive is used as the default form, and the non-waw forms are used when a pre-verbal particle is attached (such as lō 'not', him 'if; definitely not', ha- 'question particle', χī 'when', hinni 'but; nut then'). This is similar to Old Irish or Egyptian verbal allomorphy between independent and dependent forms.
independent | dependent | |
---|---|---|
preterite | waw-preterite: wajjōγal 'he ate' |
perfect: lō haγal 'he did not eat' |
present | waw-stative: wāhaγal 'he eats' |
imperfect: lō jōγal 'he does not eat' |
Binyan faȝal (paʕal)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
preterite | indep. | wêsmur | waθθesmur | waθθesmurī | wajjesmur | waθθesmur | wannesmur | waθθesmurū | waθθesmurna | wajjesmurū | waθθesmurna |
dep. | samarθī | samarθa | samarθe | samar | samarā | samarnu | samarθem | samarθen | samarū | ||
present | indep. | wassamarθī | wassamarθa | wassamarθe | wassamar | wassamarā | wassamarnu | wassamarθem | wassamarθen | wassamarū | |
dep. | hesmur | θesmur | θesmurī | jesmur | θesmur | nesmur | θesmurū | θesmurna | jesmurū | θesmurna | |
imperative | - | simur! | simurī! | - | - | - | simurū! | simurna! | - | - | |
active participle | sōmḗr | ||||||||||
passive participle | samū́r | ||||||||||
infinitive | simṓr |
Binyan nivȝal (nifʕal)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
preterite | indep. | wêkkatib | waθθikkatib | waθθikkatibī | wajjikkatib | waθθikkatib | wannikkatib | waθθikkatibū | waθθikkatibna | wajjikkatibū | wattikkatibna |
dep. | niktabθī | niktabθa | niktabθe | niktab | niktabā | niktabnu | niktabθem | niktabθen | niktabū | ||
present | indep. | wanniktabθī | wanniktabθa | wanniktabθe | wanniktab | wanniktabā | wanniktabnu | wanniktabθem | wanniktabθen | wanniktabū | |
dep. | hikkatib | θikkatib | θikkatibī | jikkatib | θikkatib | nikkatib | θikkatibū | θikkatibna | jikkatibū | θikkatibna | |
imperative | - | hikkatib! | hikkatibī! | - | - | - | hikkatibū! | hikkatibna! | - | - | |
participle | niktāb | ||||||||||
infinitive | hikkatib |
Binyan fiȝȝil (piʕʕel)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
preterite | indep. | wâgattil | waθθagattil | waθθagattilī | wajjagattil | waθθagattil | wannagattil | waθθagattilū | waθθagattelna | wajjagattilū | waθθagattelna |
dep. | kittelθī | kittelθa | kittelθe | kittil | kittilā | kittelnu | kittelθem | kittelθen | kittilū | ||
present | indep. | wakkittelθī | wakkittelθa | wakkittelθe | wakkittil | wakkittilā | wakkittelnu | wakkittelθem | wakkittelθen | wakkittilū | |
dep. | hagattil | θagattil | θagattilī | jagattil | θagattil | nagattil | θagattilū | θagattelna | jagattilū | θagattelna | |
imperative | - | kattil! | kattilī! | - | - | - | kattilū! | kattelna! | - | - | |
participle | mugattil | ||||||||||
infinitive | kattil |
Binyan fuȝȝal (puʕal)
Binyan fōȝil (poʕel)
Binyan fūȝal (poʕal)
Binyan hivȝīl (hifʕil)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
preterite indep. | wâbdīl | waθθabdīl | waθθabdīlī | wajjabdīl | waθθabdīl | wannabdīl | waθθabdīlū | waθθabdelna | wajjabdīlū | waθθabdelna |
preterite dep. | hibdelθi | hibdelθa | hibdelθe | hibdīl | hibdīlā | hibdelnu | hibdelθem | hibdelθen | hibdīlū | |
present indep. | wêbdelθi | wêbdelθa | wêbdelθe | wêbdel | wêbdelā | wêbdelnu | wêbdelθem | wêbdelθen | wêbdelū | |
present dep. | habdīl | θabdīl | θabdīlī | jabdīl | θabdīl | nabdīl | θabdīlū | θabdelna | jabdīlū | θabdelna |
imperative | - | habdel! | habdelī! | - | - | - | habdelū! | habdelna! | - | - |
participle | mabdīl | |||||||||
infinitive | habdīl |
Binyan huvȝal (hufʕal)
Binyan hiðvaȝȝil (hithpaʕʕel)
→ Person ↓ Tense |
1s | 2ms | 2fs | 3ms | 3fs | 1p | 2mp | 2fp | 3mp | 3fp |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
preterite indep. | wâθnaᴋᴋim | waθθiθnaᴋᴋim | waθθiθnaᴋᴋimī | wajjiθnaᴋᴋim | waθθiθnaᴋᴋim | wannabdīl | waθθabdīlū | waθθabdelna | wajjabdīlū | waθθabdelna |
preterite dep. | hiθnaᴋᴋemθī | hiθnaᴋᴋemθa | hiθnaᴋᴋemθe | hiθnaᴋᴋim | hiθnaᴋᴋimā | hiθnaᴋᴋemnu | hiθnaᴋᴋemθem | hiθnaᴋᴋemθen | hiθnaᴋᴋimū | |
present indep. | wêθnaᴋᴋemθī | wêθnaᴋᴋemθa | wêθnaᴋᴋemθe | wêθnaᴋᴋim | wêθnaᴋᴋimā | wêθnaᴋᴋemθnu | wêθnaᴋᴋemθem | wêθnaᴋᴋemθem | wêθnaᴋᴋimū | |
present dep. | haθnaᴋᴋim | θiθnaᴋᴋim | θiθnaᴋᴋimī | jiθnaᴋᴋim | θiθnaᴋᴋim | niθnaᴋᴋim | θiθnaᴋᴋimū | θiθnaᴋᴋemna | θiθnaᴋᴋimū | θiθnaᴋᴋemna |
imperative | - | hiθnaᴋᴋim! | hiθnaᴋᴋimī! | - | - | - | hiθnaᴋᴋimū! | hiθnaᴋᴋemna! | - | - |
participle | muθnaᴋᴋim | |||||||||
infinitive | hiθnaᴋᴋim |
Other derivations
θivȝil and šavȝil
Object suffixes
Gzarot
- Main article: Ancient Cubrite/Gzarot
Prepositions
- li- = to, for, of
- pi- = in, at, by, with (inst.)
- χamó- = like, as
- miC- = from
- 3im = with (comit.)
- wēn = without
- ja3n = because of
Conjunctions
- χa- = and ('like' > 'and')
Usage
Tense constructions
Ancient Cubrite preserved Biblical Hebrew verb conjugation quite well (even retaining the waw-consecutive), but also innovated tense constructions. This came from the fact that Celtic speakers attempting to use the aspect-based grammar of Biblical Hebrew wanted to indicate tense unambiguously. The choice of whether to use the non-waw or the waw forms is purely syntactic; it depends on whether there is a preverb or not.
- Pluperfect: hajā or wajjê + perfect
- Preterite: perfect or waw-preterite
- Past imperfect: hajā or wajjê ('was') + imperfect is used to specifically indicate past imperfect
- Present: imperfect or waw-stative
- Future imperfective: jî or wājā + imperfect
- Future perfective: wājā + perfect (remnant of BH *wahayā, waw-consecutive + suffix conjugation)
- Jussive: jê 'let it be' + imperfect or perfect depending on aspect
Uses of the infinitive construct
Many of the Biblical or quasi-Biblical uses of the infinitive construct were retained:
- la + IC may be used to indicate purpose
- there were many verbs after which either la + IC or bare IC were commonly used
- ba- or χa- + IC + NOUN = "when possessor VERBs/VERBed..."
- more generally IC + NOUN serves to point to an action in a tenseless way, like "for NOUN to VERB" or subordinate clauses where English would use a tensed verb form.
- IC was often used to give further descriptions of what someone did in addition to the main verb, could often be translated as "X-ing" in sentences
Narratives
A narrative is commonly introduced by wayyê 'it was' (often to give background info).
Hypothetical example:
- waθθê lāħamā, pōdīγā smâ. waθθê ȝazzaδ θessuᴋā, hinni hajāδā rō-ħōljaδ hābā.
- Once there was a woman of war named Boudica. She was mighty in the art of battle, but she was greatly lovesick.
Wishes
Wishes and prayers use a form of ħajj 'alive' + wa + the dependent prefix conjugation (from jussive). This is an evolution of a Biblical Hebrew oath formula ħayy X... 'as surely as X lives'.
- ħajjōδ wa δagallēna hā-hasirōδ niᴛavōδ ham-mumallihōδ bā-harc kullâ wa baθ-θōruκaδâ bâ.
- May the tree-spirits reveal mystical insights pervading the whole earth and the lush vegetation in it.
Vocabulary
Ancient Cubrite vocabulary was mostly Semitic, but with some Celtic loans. The inherited Semitic vocabulary shows some semantic drift relative to Biblical Hebrew, as well as additional coinages.
Derivation
Mishkalim
- ᴋaᴛāl, ᴋaᴛēl = common noun and adjective pattern for basic words
- masculine segolates: ᴋaᴛl, ᴋiᴛl, ᴋuᴛl (ᴋuᴛl is often used for nouns of quantity and quality)
- feminine segolates: ᴋaᴛlā, ᴋiᴛlā, ᴋuᴛlā
- ᴋaᴛalā (paraγā 'good fortune, auspiciousness')
- ᴋaᴛilā
- ᴋaᴛulā (kadúlā 'magnificence', zarúħā 'radiance')
- ᴋaᴛalᴛal(ā) = diminutive
- meᴋᴛal(ā) = often place
- maᴋᴛel(ā) = instrument
- meᴋᴛōl
- meᴋᴛul(ā)
- θaᴋᴛilā, θeᴋᴛulā
- ᴋaᴛlōn
- ᴋiᴛᴛalōn
- ᴋaᴛᴛal(ā) = agentive
- ᴋaᴛᴛelā = disease
- ᴋaᴛᴛulā
- θaᴋᴛelā
- θeᴋᴛūlā = system of, art of, study of
Affixes
- -î (feminine -ījā): adjective-forming affix
- -ūδ: abstract noun suffix
- hī-: un-, non-
Examples of Celtic vocabulary
Sample texts
An incantation
The following incantation has 4 stressed syllables per line (Prosody in Ancient Cubrite poetry is based on the number of stressed syllables per line):
[...]
A ritual
An excerpt
Lexicon
h
- hā́bā = love
- hilô (pl. hilṓhīm) = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese kami
- hasírā = the spirit of a tree
- hinni = but
p
k
t
w
z
- zadā = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription)
- zīdā = wrongness, injustice
- zaruħā = radiance
ħ
ᴛ
j
χ
- χin 'and'
l
m
n
- n-ᴛ-f
- níᴛfā = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH)
s
ȝ
- ȝarábā = willow
f
- fárrā = cow
c
ᴋ
r
- rimmṓn = pomegranate