User:Pá mamūnám ontā́ bán/თქარინ

თქარინ, pronounced /tʰkʰarin/, means "the language".

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal	მ /m/	ნ /n/
Plosive	ფ /pʰ/ პ /pʼ/ ბ /b/	თ /tʰ/ ტ /tʼ/ დ /d/		ქ /kʰ/ კ /kʼ/ გ /g/	ყ /qʼ/
Affricate		ც /tsʰ/ წ /tsʼ/ ძ /dz/	ჩ /tʃʰ/ ჭ /tʃʼ/ ჯ /dʒ/
Fricative	ჶ /f/ ვ /v/	ს /s/ ზ /z/	შ /ʃ/ ჟ /ʒ/	ხ /x/ ღ /ɣ/		ჰ /h/
Liquid		რ /r/ ლ /l/

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	ი /i/	უ /u/
Mid	ე /e/	ო /o/
Open	ა /a/

===Stress

Case system

There are four grammatical cases: nominative, accusative, dative and genitive.

• The nominative is used to denote the subject of a verb and also fulfils the vocative role.
• The accusative denotes the direct object of a transitive verb. It is also used to indicate motion towards something.
• The dative is used to mark the indirect object of a transitive verb as well as indicating a location. It is used with many other prepositions, too (e.g. "with"). The dative is sometimes used to denote the "quirky subject" of verbs (that is the semantic but not grammatical subject); this usually marks lack of volition, experience or feelings. In addition, there are some verbs whose direct object is marked by the dative case; such verbs are often verbs of hindrance, service and use.
• The genitive denotes possession or relationship, a lack or replacement of something as well as provenance. As with the dative, some verbs mark their direct object with the genitive case; these are usually verbs of request and attainment.

There is an archaic fifth case: the instrumental. This is formed identically to the dative except for the fact that ს is replaced by ტ.

Nouns

There is no grammatical gender.

All nouns end in vowels; one of ა, ი, ო.

Plurals are formed by adding the suffix ი after the desinence.

The indefinite declension is given below:

	ჭაკა "dog"		მქარი "face"		პირო "paper"
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ჭაკა	ჭაკაი	მქარი	მქარიი	პირო	პიროი
Accusative	ჭაკამ	ჭაკამი	მქარიმ	მქარიმი	პირომ	პირომი
Dative	ჭაკას	ჭაკასი	მქარის	მქარისი	პიროს	პიროსი
Genitive	ჭაკიშ	ჭაკიში	მქარიშ	მქარიში	პირიშ	პირიში

The definite is given in the following section.

Definiteness marking

Definiteness is marked only on nouns; unmarked noun are by default indefinite.

This is done by adding the suffix ინ to the end of the noun (replacing the first vowel of the desinence).

In the accusative this suffix becomes იმ.

Table given below:

	ჭაკა "dog"		მქარი "face"		პირო "paper"
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ჭაკინ	ჭაკინი	მქარინ	მქარინი	პირინ	პირინი
Accusative	ჭაკიმ	ჭაკიმი	მქარიმ	მქარიმი	პირიმ	პირიმი
Dative	ჭაკინს	ჭაკინსი	მქარის	მქარისი	პირინს	პირინსი
Genitive	ჭაკინშ	ჭაკინში	მქარინშ	მქარინში	პირინშ	პირინში

Adjectives

Adjectives decline identically to nouns.

Any noun can be used as an adjective.

Adjectives precede the noun they qualify and agree in both number and case.

Comparatives are formed by using the suffix ეხ. This is placed before the desinence.

Superlatives are formed by adding the prefix სა to the comparative form.

From სა comes the word სახი meaning "most" or "best".

Adverbs

Adjectives can be turned into adverbs simply by removing the desinence.

Prepositions

Prepositions require the use of one of three cases: accusative, dative or genitive.

Many prepositions may take more than one case. A change in case may indicate motion or other semantic change.

The accusative is usually used to indicate motion towards, the dative location and the genitive motion away from.

Numerals

All numerals end in უ and are invariable. That is, with the exception of მილ, მილიონ and მილიარდ.

Numerals are placed before the noun they modify and the noun is never pluralised.

The noun carries the case marking for the numeral.

Cardinal numbers can be made into ordinal number by adding the suffix ხი.

Ordinal numbers are adjectives and can therefore be made into adverbs.

Pronouns

Personal

	Singular					Plural
	1	2	3 m	3 f	3 n	1	2	3
Nominative	ემ	ცომ	ო	ლიუ	ჰარ	ღე	ჟალ	ლარ
Accusative	მა	ცა	ომ	ლიუმ	ჰარმ	ღემ	ჟალმ	ლარმ
Dative	მას	ცას	ოს	ლიუს	ჰარს	ღეს	ჟალს	ლარს
Genitive	მაშ	ცაშ	ოშ	ლიუშ	ჰარშ	ღეშ	ჟალშ	ლარშ

Verbs

Infinitives

Verbal infinitives are formed from roots with the addition of the suffix (ე)თ.

Conjugation

Verbs do not conjugate for person; they do conjugate for number, tense, mood, aspect and voice.

The conjugation depends on the vowel before თ. Maybe.

The tense-mood-aspect combinations are:

• present
• aorist
• delimitative
• imperfect
• future
• conditional
• optative
• imperative

Voices are:

• active
• passive
• middle(?)

Negation

Negation is shown by adding the prefix კა to the verb.

Participles

Participles act as adjectives.