Kwenya Greek

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Revision as of 17:03, 27 April 2022 by IlL (talk | contribs) (→‎Cases)
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Kwenya (Κοινη) is a Hellenic language spoken in Irta.

Introduction

Proto-Kwenya

Very close to 2nd century BC Egyptian Greek

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

  • μ ν γγ = /m n ŋ/ (γκ γχ = /ŋk ŋkʰ/)
  • π τ κ = /p t k/
  • β δ = /b d/
  • φ θ χ = /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
  • σ γ = /s h/
  • ζ = /z/
  • ϝ ρ/ς λ = /w ɾ l/

Vowels

α ε ι ο υ η ω αι ει ευ ια ιο οι ου = /a ə i o wi ja u e i ju ja jo we ɨ/ a ë i o wi ya u e i yu ya yo we ũ

Prosody

Stress

Stress is always initial.

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Nouns

Kwenya nouns have the following template:

STEM-case.number-(possessive suffix)

Kwenya lost gender.

Cases

γλωσσα 'tongue, language'
Singular Plural
Nominative γλωσσα
hlusa
γλωσσαι
hluse
Vocative γλωσσα!
hlusa!
γλωσσαι!
hluse!
Accusative γλωσσαν
hlusan
γλωσσας
hlusar
Genitive γλωσσας
hlusar
γλωσσων
hlusun
Illative γλωσσανεις
hlusanir
γλωσσαςεις
hlusarir
Inessive γλωσσανδο
hlusando
γλωσσωνενδο
hlusunëndo
Elative γλωσσαξε
hlusaksë
γλωσσωνεξε
hlusunëksë
Adessive γλωσσαρειτ
hlusarit
γλωσσωνειτ
hlusunit
Allative γλωσσαβαι
hlusabe
γλωσσωμβαι
hlusumbe
Ablative γλωσσαμπο
hlusampo
γλωσσαπο
hlusapo
Instrumental γλωσσαδω
hlusadu
γλωσσωνδω
hlusundu
Essive γλωσσαπρε
hlusaprë
γλωσσωμπρε
hlusumprë
Translative γλωσσανειν
hlusanin
γλωσσαςειν
hlusarin
Abessive γλωσσαχω
hlusakhu
γλωσσωγχω
hlusankhu
Comitative γλωσσαμε
hlusamë
γλωσσωμμε
hlusummë

οικος 'house'
Singular Plural
Nominative οικος
wekor
οικοι
wekwe
Vocative οικε!
wekë!
οικοι!
wekwe!
Accusative οικον
wekon
οικους
wekũr
Genitive οικου
wekũ
οικων
wekun
Illative οικονεις
wekonir
οικουςεις
wekũrir
Inessive οικουνδο
wekũndo
οικωνενδο
wekunëndo
Elative οικουξε
wekũksë
οικωνεξε
wekunëksë
Adessive οικουρειτ
wekũrit
οικωνειτ
wekunit
Allative οικουβαι
wekũbe
οικωμβαι
wekumbe
Ablative οικομπο
wekompo
οικουπο
wekũpo
Instrumental οικουδω
wekũdu
οικωνδω
wekundu
Essive οικουπρε
wekũprë
οικωμπρε
wekumprë
Translative οικονειν
wekonin
οικουςειν
wekũrin
Abessive οικουχω
wekũkhu
οικωγχω
wekunkhu
Comitative οικουμε
wekũmë
οικωμμε
wekummë

δωρον 'gift'
Singular Plural
Nominative δωρον
duron
δωρα
dura
Vocative δωρον!
duron!
δωρα!
dura!
Accusative δωρον
duron
δωρα
dura
Genitive δωρου
durũ
δωρων
durun
Illative δωρονεις
duronir
δωραεις
durair
Inessive δωρουνδο δωρωνενδο
Elative δωρουξε δωρωνεξε
Adessive δωρουειτ δωρωνειτ
Allative δωρουβαι δωρωμβαι
Ablative δωρομπο δωραπο
Instrumental δωρουδω δωρωνδω
Essive δωρουπρε δωρωμπρε
Translative δωρονειν δωραειν
Abessive δωρουχω δωρωγχω
Comitative δωρουμε δωρωμμε

πολις 'city'
Singular Plural
Nominative πολις πολες
Vocative πολι! πολες!
Accusative πολιν πολες
Genitive πολιως πολιων
Illative πολινεις πολεςεις
Inessive πολιωνδο πολιωνενδο
Elative πολιωξε πολιωνεξε
Adessive πολιωρειτ πολιωνειτ
Allative πολιωβαι πολιωμβαι
Ablative πολιμπο πολεπο
Instrumental πολιωδω πολιωνδω
Essive πολιωπρε πολιωμπρε
Translative πολινειν πολεςειν
Abessive πολιωχω πολιωγχω
Comitative πολιωμε πολιωμμε


Possessive suffixes

γλωσσαμου, γλωσσασου, γλωσσατου, γλωσσαμων, γλωσσασων, γλωσσατων = my language, ...

Adjectives

Adjectives have an attributive form and predicative forms that agree by number, animacy and gender. They also have past tense and imperative forms like verbs. also -wir, -ia, -wi < ύς-εία-ύ‎

καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); present tense
Singular Plural
male καλος
kalor
καλοι
kale
female καλη
kalya
καλαι
kale
inanimate καλον
kalon
καλα
kala
attributive καλ(ο)-
kal(o)-


καλος 'good' (1st/2nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male καλορων
kalorun
καλοντες
kalontër
female καληρα
kalyara
καλαιςαι
kalere
inanimate καλονον
kalonon
καλαντα
kalanta
attributive καλομοντ
kalomont


καλος 'good' (1st decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active καλοστι!
kalosti!
καλοστε!
kalostë!

ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.)
Singular Plural
male ευγενης
yuhënyar
ευγενεις
yuhënir
female ευγενης
yuhënyar
ευγενεις
yuhënir
inanimate ευγενες
yuhënër
ευγενη
yuhënya
attributive ευγεν(ο)-
yuhën(o)-


ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); past tense
Singular Plural
male ευγενηρων
yuhënyarun
ευγενειντες
yuhënintër
female ευγενηςα
yuhënyara
ευγενειςαι
yuhënire
inanimate ευγενερον
yuhënëron
ευγενηντα
yuhënyanta
attributive ευγενομοντ
yuhënomont


ευγενης 'gentlemanly' (3nd decl.); imperative
Singular Plural
active ευγενοστι!
yuhënosti!
ευγενοστε!
yuhënostë!


Verbs

Two voices: active, passive

Principal parts: present stem, past stem

φαγων 'eat' - present active
Singular Plural
male φαγων
phahun
φαγοντες
phahontër
female φαγουςα
phahũra
φαγουραι
phahũre
inanimate φαγον
phahon
φαγοντα
phahonta
attributive φαγοντ
phahont


φαγων 'eat' - past active
Singular Plural
male φαγας
phahar
φαγαντες
phahantër
female φαγαςα
phahara
φαγαραι
phahare
inanimate φαγαν
phahan
φαγαντα
phahanta
attributive φαγας
phahar


φαγων 'eat' - imperative active
Singular Plural
active φαγε!
phahë!
φαγετε!
phahëtë!


φαγων 'eat' - present passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενος
phahomënor
φαγομενοι
phahomënwe
female φαγομενη
phahomënya
φαγομεναι
phahomëne
inanimate φαγομενον
phahomënon
φαγομενα
phahomëna
attributive φαγομεν
phahomën


φαγων 'eat' - past passive
Singular Plural
male φαγομενοςων
phahamënorun
φαγαμενοντες
phahamënontër
female φαγομενηςα
phahamënyara
φαγαμεναιςαι
phahamënere
inanimate φαγαμενονον
phahamënonon
φαγαμεναντα
phahamënanta
attributive φαγομενομοντ
phahomënomont


φαγων 'eat' - imperative passive
Singular Plural
active φαγομεστι!
phahomësti!
φαγομεστε!
phahomëstë!


Numbers

All numbers are indeclinable:

1-10: ën, dwi, trya, tëttar, pënta, ëksa, ëpta, ohta, ënnya, dëka

11-20: ëndyutrũ, dwidyutru, ..., ikori (< hen deuterou, dyo deuterou, ... "one of the second [ten], two of the second [ten], ..." cf. Estonian üks·teist, kaks·teist, ...)

100: ëkaton

1000: khilya

Syntax

Constituent order

Kwenya syntax is similar to Finnish.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources