Old Teuthish

Old Teuthish is a language spoken in Lõis. It is classified in Lõis as a Germanic language, but relative to our timeline it is a sister of Proto-Germanic. It makes use of several archaisms such as the total absence of Verner's law, and contrastive stress inherited from PIE. It is also innovative in other ways, such as Grassmann's law.

History

Old Teuthish has a lot more historical attestation in Lõis than Proto-Germanic; it's comparable to Old English.

Morphology

Old Teuthish is a pretty standard ancient northern IE language, with a highly inflecting nominal morphology and a somewhat reduced verbal morphology.

There are seven grammatical cases in Old Teuthish: nominative, genitive, accusative, instrumental, dative, locative and vocative. There are also three numbers: singular, dual and plural, with the dual showing up only in pronouns and verbs.

wulχwas, wulχwās
wulχwan, wulχwans
wulχwassa, wulχwān/wulχwajān/wulχwaān (depending on the dialect)
wulχwai, wulχwamas
wulχwā, wulχwamis
wulχwei, wulχwaisu
wulχwe!, wulχwās!

munθís, munθī́s
munθín, munθíns
munθī́s, munθíjān
munθī́, munθímas
munθī́, munθímis
munθī́, munθísu
munθí!, munθī́s!

purθús, purθíwes
purθún, purθúns
purθáus, purθíwān
purθíwi, purθúmas
purθū́, purθúmis
purθíwei, purθúsu
purθú!, purθíwes!

Adjectives

Adjectives come in two different declensions, indefinite and definite, used as in Latvian.

alθás, alθā́, alθán, alθḗ/alθṓs/alθā́
alθánān, alθā́n, alθán, alθáns/alθā́s/alθā
alθássa, alθáisās, alθássa, alθáisōn
alθámmē, alθáisē, alθámmē, alθáimas
alθánā, alθáisā, alθánā, alθáimis
alθámmi, alθáisā, alθámmi, alθáisu

alθṓ, alθā́n, alθṓ, alθ(á/ā́)nis/alθā́n
alθánun, alθā́nun, alθṓ, alθ(á/ā́)nus/alθā́n
alθínis, alθā́nis, alθínis, alθ(á/ā́)nōn
alθíni, alθā́ni, alθíni, alθ(ám/ā́)mas
alθínē, alθā́nē, alθínē, alθ(ám/ā́)mis
alθínī, alθā́nī, alθínī, alθ(ám/ā́)su

Most adjectives follow this paradigm, except for ordinal numbers which use -ī- instead of -ā- in the weak declension.

Verbs

imperfect/preterite distinction as in Romance languages

Lexicon

• ainakúrθ, twikúrθ, θrikúrθ etc. = once, twice, thrice etc.