Verse:Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon
| Socovíc | |
|---|---|
| socovíc/socovija lesán | |
| Created by | IlL |
| Native speakers | 393,000 (2013) |
Afro-Asiatic
| |
Background
Socovíc (Socovíc: socovíc /ˈsotsoviːts/ or socovija lesán /ˈsotsovija ˈlesaːn/), sometimes called Sotsovian in English, is a Semitic language spoken in the Turkey and Bosphorus area. A North Semitic language, it shares many features with Central Semitic tongues such as Arabic, Aramaic and Hebrew; however, it preserves archaic features that have not survived in Central Semitic languages, as well as some innovations in its grammar. The name of the language, socovíc, seems to have originated from *√s-t-w, a root meaning 'north' in Socovíc (cf. Hebrew סְתָו săṯâw 'winter').
Phonology
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | |||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t/ | k /k/ | q /q/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | ||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | þ /θ/ | s /s/ | š /ʂ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ | ||
| voiced | v /v/ | z /z/ | ž /ʐ/ | ||||||
| Affricate | c /ts/ | č /ʈʂ/ | |||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | l /l/ | j /j/ | |||||||
Vowels
Oral
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | í /iː/ | u /u/ | ú /uː/ | ||
| Mid | e /e̞/ | é /e̞ː/ | y /ə/ | ý /əː/ | o /o̞/ | ó /o̞ː/ |
| Open | ě /æ/ | ě /æː/ | a /a/ | á /aː/ | ||
Nasal
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | ||||||
| Mid | ę /ɛ̃ː/ | ǫ /ɔ̃ː/ | ||||
| Open | ||||||
Stress
Stress always falls on the first syllable of a word.
Diachronics
Vowels
| Proto-North Semitic | Proto-Socovíc |
|---|---|
| i | ь |
| u | ъ |
| a | o |
| ī | i |
| ū | y |
| aj | ě |
| aw | u |
| ā | a |
| an | ǫ |
| in | ę, ь |
| un | ǫ, ъ |
Havlík's law: strong *ъ > *o, strong *ь > *e, weak jers vanish without doing anything
Cja > Cě
Consonants
| PSem | *b | *d | *g | *p | *t | *k | *ṭ | *ḳ | *ð | *z | *þ | *š | *ś | *s | *þ̣ | *ṣ | *ṣ́ | *ɣ | *ʕ | *ʔ | *x | *ħ | *h | *m | *n | *l | *r | *w | *j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon | b | d | ž | p | c | č | t | k | v | z | f | s | š | s | f | š | þ | g | qː | ː | ch | ha | h | m | n | l | r | v | j |
Nouns
Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon nouns inflect for 4 cases:
- nominative
- genitive-accusative
- dative
- instrumental-locative
Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon nouns are notable for inheriting the oldest version of the Proto-Semitic case system, the diptotic (two-case) system, with nominative singular -Ø < *-ъ < PSem *-u and genitive/accusative singular -o < PSem *-a. Feminine singular nominative *-atu was changed to *-ā > -a under Indo-European influence. The dative and instrumental/locative were formed by suffixing inflected forms of the prepositions *la 'to' and *bi 'with/by, in'.
Masculine nouns of type moloč
| Masculine noun: moloč 'king' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom. | moloč | molča | molčy | |
| gen./acc. | molčo | molčě | molči | |
| dative | molčlu | molčěluma | molčilúm | |
| ins./loc. | molčbi | molčěbima | molčibím | |
| Masculine noun: júm 'day' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | júm | júma | júmy | |
| gen./acc. | júmo | júmě | júmi | |
| dative | júmlu | júměluma | júmilúm | |
| ins./loc. | júmbi | júměbima | júmibím | |
Masculine *-ь-stems
| Masculine noun: fob 'antelope' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | fob | fobě | fobje | |
| gen./acc. | fobje | fobjě | fobji | |
| dative | foblu | fobjěluma | fobjilúm | |
| ins./loc. | fobebi | fobjěbima | fobjibím | |
Masculine nouns of type ráj
Example nouns: máj 'water', somáj 'heaven', ráj 'splendor'
Feminine nouns of type molča
| Feminine noun: molča 'queen' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | molča | molčota | molčác | |
| gen./acc. | molčoto | molčocě | molčaci | |
| dative | molčótla | molčótluma | molčátlěn | |
| ins./loc. | molčótbě | molčótbima | molčátbín | |
| Feminine noun: syra 'performance; ritual' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | syra | syrota | syrác | |
| gen./acc. | syroto | syrocě | syraci | |
| dative | syrótla | syrótluma | syrátlěn | |
| ins./loc. | syrótbě | syrótbima | syrátbín | |
Feminine nouns of type lesán
This declension class does not use the usual feminine suffix *-at- in the singular and dual, but still adds feminine dative and instrumental/locative suffixes in the singular. This class includes many feminine body part nouns. Examples: qӗn 'eye'; ovon, ovn- 'ear'; beton, betn- 'stomach'; koron, korn- 'horn'; lӗl 'night'; oroþ, orþ- 'earth'.
| Feminine noun: lesán 'tongue, language' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | lesán | lesána | lesánác | |
| gen./acc. | lesáno | lesáně | lesánaci | |
| dative | lesánla | lesáněluma | lesánátlěn | |
| ins./loc. | lesánbě | lesáněbima | lesánátbín | |
Feminine abstract -íc nouns
| Feminine noun: omyníc 'truth' | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| nom./voc. | omyníc | omynita | omynijác | |
| gen./acc. | omynito | omynicě | omynijaci | |
| dative | omynítla | omynítluma | omynijátlěn | |
| ins./loc. | omynítbě | omynítbima | omynijátbín | |
Adjectives
Adjectives tend to precede nouns: rób běc 'big house', taba spara 'good story'.
Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix -ǫ: tab 'good' > tabǫ 'well', hočam 'wise' > hočamǫ 'wisely'.
Adjectives ending in a consonant
| Adjective declension: tab 'good' | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |
| nominative | tab | taba | taba | tabota | taby | tabác |
| gen./acc. | tabo | taboto | tabě | tabocě | tabi | tabaci |
| dative | tablu | tabótla | taběluma | tabótluma | tabilúm | tabátlěn |
| ins./loc. | tabbi | tabótbě | taběbima | tabótbima | tabibím | tabátbín |
Nisba adjectives
Pronouns
| Personal pronouns | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | First person | ||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||
| Nominative | nák | nána | nány | ||||||
| Genitive | meni | menna | menny | ||||||
| Dative | li | lona | lony | ||||||
| Accusative | níc | nác | nýc | ||||||
| Ins./Loc. | bi | bna | bny | ||||||
| Personal pronouns, cont. | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Second person | Third person | ||||||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| Nominative | ǫto | ǫc | ǫtma | ǫtmy | ǫtna | ho | hi | homa | homy | hen |
| Genitive | męk | męč | mękma | mękmy | męčna | men | mená | menema | menemy | menen |
| Dative | lók | lóč | lókma | lókmy | lóčna | lu | lá | luma | lumy | lěn |
| Accusative | kác | číc | kmác | kmýc | čnác | hóc | hác | homác | homýc | henác |
| Ins./Loc. | bek | beč | bekma | bekmy | bečna | bí | bě | bíma | bímy | bín |
| Interrogative pronouns | ||
|---|---|---|
| Case | 'who' | 'what' |
| Nominative | mi | ma |
| Genitive | menmi | menma |
| Dative | milu | malu |
| Accusative | míc | mác |
| Ins./Loc. | mibi | mabi |
| Demonstrative/relative pronoun | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |
| nom. | vy | věc | va | věta | oly | olác |
| acc./gen. | vu | věto | vě | věcě | oli | olaci |
| dat. | vylu | větla | věluma | větluma | olilúm | olátlěn |
| ins./loc. | vybi | větbě | věbima | větbima | olibím | olátbín |
Numerals
Different numerals are declined differently:
- Cardinal numerals one and two (and those ending in "1" or "2") are declined as adjectives.
- All other numerals are declined as nouns and require the noun they modify to be in the genitive case.
- Cardinals that end in šolaf (3) through cés (9) or in hošor (10-19) are declined like feminine singular nouns in adnominal position (Jef šolafa ęsáj 'There are three people') and like masculine singular nouns in nominal position (Jef šolaf 'There are three').
- Cardinals that end in qošory (20), šolafy (30), ..., césy (90) are declined as masculine plural nouns.
- Meja (100) and olop (1000) are declined as masculine nouns.
Since Mwail/Tucootka/Lexicon has singular and dual forms, modifying numerals one and two are not needed; thus Nǫšú voldě v bęto 'I have two sons and a daughter' is just as correct as Nǫšú flě voldě v ahdoto bęto.
| Netagin numerals | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | nth | n each/at a time | n-fold; n-ad | 1/n | |
| 0 | sefor | - | - | - | - |
| 1 | ahod (m), ahda (f) | mehálúdh | halúdhládh | halálédh | - |
| 2 | fla (m), flota (f) | megáḥúz | gaḥuzḥáz | gaḥáḥéz | géḥáz |
| 3 | šolaf, šolafa | metzábhúl | tzebhulbál | tzebhábhél | tzibál |
| 4 | roboq, roboqa | memháqhútz | meqhutzqátz | meqháqhétz | miqátz |
| 5 | chǫs, chǫsa | mepházúmh | pezumhzámh | pezázémh | pizzámh |
| 6 | séf, séfa | melábhún | lebhunbán | lebhábhén | libán |
| 7 | sóp, sópa | meqhátzúdh | qetzudhtzádh | qetzátzédh | qittzádh |
| 8 | fomán, fomána | mecháˁúš | ceˁušˁáš | ceˁáˁéš | céˁáš |
| 9 | cés, césa | merápheh | rephuipheh | rephápheh | ripeh |
| 10 | qošor, qošora | meḥáchúbh | ḥachubhcábh | ḥacháchébh | ḥicábh |
| 11 | ahod v qošor | ḥáchúbh mehálúdh | - | - | - |
| 20 | qošory | megháḥúz nḥachúbh | - | - | - |
| 21 | qošory v ahod | gáḥéz nḥachúbh mehálúdh | - | - | - |
| 30 | šolafy | - | - | - | - |
| 40 | roboqy | - | - | - | - |
| 50 | chǫsy | - | - | - | - |
| 60 | séfy | - | - | - | - |
| 70 | sópy | - | - | - | - |
| 80 | fomány | - | - | - | - |
| 90 | césy | - | - | - | - |
| 100 | meja | mejocí | - | - | - |
| 200 | mejota | mejotají | - | - | - |
| 300 | šolafa mejác | šolafamejocí | - | - | - |
| 1000 | olop | olpí | - | - | - |
| 2000 | olpa | olpají | - | - | - |
| 3000 | šolafa olpy | šolafaolpí | - | - | - |
Verbs
- See also: Verbal subparadigms.
The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine. In the aorist, the 3fs form is always identical to the 3md form.
Todo: verbal system too Central Semitic. Use the prefix-conjugated preterite for aorist, and stative for present/future?
G-stems: kotol
| kotlec, ktol, joktol, kotol, katel 'kill' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive/Verbal noun | |||
| kotlec | |||
| Participle | |||
| katel | |||
| Imperative | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 2.m | ktol! | ktola! | ktoly! |
| 2.f | ktoli! | ktolno! | |
| Present | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | noktol | noktla | noktly |
| 2.m | toktol | toktla | toktly |
| 2.f | toktli | toktolno | |
| 3.m | joktol | joktla | joktly |
| 3.f | joktli | joktolno | |
| Imperfect | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | fonoktol | fonoktla | fonoktly |
| 2.m | fotoktol | fotoktla | fotoktly |
| 2.f | fotoktli | fotoktolno | |
| 3.m | fojoktol | fojoktla | fojoktly |
| 3.f | fojoktli | fojoktolno | |
| Aorist | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | kotolok | kotolna | kotolny |
| 2.m | kotolot | kotoltma | kotoltmy |
| 2.f | kotoloc | kotoltno | |
| 3.m | kotol | kotola | kotoly |
| 3.f | kotola | kotolota | kotolno |
| Future I | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | rþi noktol | rþi noktla | rþi noktly |
| 2.m | rþi toktol | rþi toktla | rþi toktly |
| 2.f | rþi toktli | rþi toktolno | |
| 3.m | rþi joktol | rþi joktla | rþi joktly |
| 3.f | rþi joktli | rþi joktolno | |
| Future II | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.m | nočun katel | nočuna katla | nočuny katly |
| 1.f | nočun katla | nočuna katlota | nočuny katlác |
| 2.m | točun katel | točuna katla | točuny katly |
| 2.f | točuni katla | točuna katlota | točunno katlác |
| 3.m | jočun katel | jočuna katla | jočuny katly |
| 3.f | jočuni katla | jočuna katlota | jočunno katlác |
| Perfect | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.m | nák katel | nána katla | nány katly |
| 1.f | nák katla | nána katlota | nány katlác |
| 2.m | ǫto katel | ǫtma katla | ǫtmy katly |
| 2.f | ǫc katla | ǫtma katlota | ǫtno katlác |
| 3.m | (ho) katel | (homa) katla | (homy) katly |
| 3.f | (hi) katla | (homa) katlota | (hen) katlác |
| Pluperfect | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1.m | čǫk katel | čanna katla | čanny katly |
| 1.f | čǫk katla | čanna katlota | čanny katlác |
| 2.m | čǫt katel | čǫtma katla | čǫtmy katly |
| 2.f | čǫc katla | čǫtma katlota | čǫtno katlác |
| 3.m | čan katel | čana katla | čany katly |
| 3.f | čana katla | čanota katlota | čanno katlác |
D-stems: katol
| pólžíc, pólež, jopólež, palož, mopólež 'split (something)' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Infinitive/Verbal noun | |||
| pólžíc | |||
| Participle | |||
| mopólež | |||
| Imperative | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 2.m | pólež! | pólža! | pólžy! |
| 2.f | pólži! | póležno! | |
| Present | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | nopólež | nopólža | nopólžy |
| 2.m | topólež | topólža | topólžy |
| 2.f | topólži | topóležno | |
| 3.m | jopólež | jopólža | jopólžy |
| 3.f | jopólži | jopóležno | |
| Aorist | |||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| 1 | paložok | paložna | paložny |
| 2.m | paložot | paložtma | paložtmy |
| 2.f | paložoc | paložtno | |
| 3.m | palož | paloža | paložy |
| 3.f | paloža | paložota | paložno |
Š-stems: soktel
Usage
Imperative
The second person imperatives use the imperative forms.
The non-2nd person imperatives are formed with the hortative particle c (< ce 'come') plus the present tense.
- C jóci memloč męk.
- Let Thy kingdom come.
The imperative is negated with the negative particle la, instead of bol.
- La šní li!
- Don't be mad at me!
Expressions
- Solám! 'Hello!'
- Tab júm! 'Good day!'
- Taba lěl! 'Good night!'
Texts
Pater noster
Ób menny vy i somájbi!
C joktódas sem męk.
C jóci memloč męk.
C jopqaly roþí męk, ěma i somájbi ěvi v in orþbě.
Chleb menny jumí hab lony ojúm.
V staqpu lony chotavác menny, ěvi v nány nostaqpovy chotavác nož lony.
V la sabé nyc na tonésíny, éla žal nyc leč rogo.
Amen.