Nurian
Nurian is a Talsmic language descending from Themsarian. It is spoken alongside Zutarlic languages, Clofabic languages and New World Reber Wiebian.
Numbers
- 1: cēm /ˈt͡ɕæːm/
- 2: tiħōr /tʲɪˈħoːr/
- 3: nargь /ˈnɐrʲd͡ʑ/
- 4: dhaufь /ˈðɐʊ̯fʲ/
- 5: saliħ /ˈsɐlʲɪħ/
- 6: stām /ˈstɑːm/
- 7: rōdь /ˈroːdʲ/
- 8: loreħ /ˈlorʲɛħ/
- 9: farv /ˈfɐrʲvʲ/
- 10: ħiorь /ˈħorʲ/
- 11: cēmar /ˈt͡ɕæːmɐr/ (< Themsarian cēmiħioré, influenced by Zutarl emarra)
- 12: pirdь /ˈpʲɪɖ/ (Zutarl pirdi)
- 144: rtarþь /ˈʈɐʂ/
- 1728: ūbyc /ˈu:bɪ̞k/
Phonology
Arabo-Lithuanian
Consonants
As a result of a series of historical palatalizations, Nurian has many consonants in hard-soft pairs, similar to Lithuanian and Russian; however, many consonants (namely retroflexes, radicals, h and j) cannot palatalize.
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Radical | Glottal | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | pal. | plain | pal. | plain | pal. | |||||||
| Nasal | mˠ | mʲ | n̪ˠ | nʲ | ɳ | ɲ~ɲ̄ | ŋ | |||||
| Stop /Affricate |
tenuis | pˠ | pʲ | t̪ˠ | tʲ | ʈ | tɕ | k | ||||
| voiced | bˠ | bʲ | d̪ˠ | dʲ | ɖ | dʑ | g | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fˠ | fʲ | θˠ | sˠ | sʲ | ʂ | ɕ | x | ħ | h | |
| voiced | vˠ | vʲ | ðˠ | zˠ | zʲ | ʑ | ɣ | ʕ | ||||
| Trill | rˠ | rʲ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | central | ɻ | ||||||||||
| lateral | ɫ | lʲ | ɭ | |||||||||
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | th | dh | s | z | r | l | rn | rt | rd | rs, rth | rdh | rl | ng | c | g | ch | gh | ħ | ȝ | h | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | /mˠ/ | /pˠ/ | /bˠ/ | /fˠ/ | /vˠ/ | /nˠ/ | /tˠ/ | /dˠ/ | /θˠ/ | /ðˠ/ | /sˠ/ | /zˠ/ | /rˠ/ | /ɫ/ | /ɳ/ | /ʈ/ | /ɖ/ | /ʂ/ | /ɻ/ | /ɭ/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | /x/ | /ɣ/ | /ħ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | silent |
| Soft | /mʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /vʲ/ | /nʲ/ | /tʲ/ | /dʲ/ | /sʲ/ | /zʲ/ | /sʲ/ | /zʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /lʲ/ | /ɲ/ | /t͡ɕ/ | /d͡ʑ/ | /ɕ/ | /ʑ/ |
Word-final soft consonants use a soft sign ь.
Vowels
The spelling to the left is the "hard" vowel, and the spelling to the right indicates its "soft" counterpart. Both spellings are used after retroflexes and radicals, which cannot palatalize.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | y, i /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | ȳ, ī /iː/ | u, iu /ʊ/ | ū, iū /uː/ | ||
| Mid | o, io /o/ | ō, iō /oː/ | ||||
| Open | e/ia [ɛ] | ē/iā /æː/ | a /ɐ/ | ā /ɑː/ | ||
Diphthongs: ai, iai /ɐɪ/ au, iau /ɐʊ/
Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
ia and e both represent [ɛ], the allophone of /ɐ/ after palatalized consonants.
Grammar
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modifier-modified order.
Nouns
Sgv-clv-plv system.