Trâi

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Old Trây: teːmˀ, cynəl, ŋɜt, rœyp, kæhən, caːmˀ, løːc, hæjc, pat, sayl

Diachronics

  • Branch with plosive cyclic shift: 1. s~ts < k < q; q < ʈ < t < ts; (tēma, qinōr, ɳattʼē, laupʼē, ʈaɭin, qʼāma, rōqʼē, ɭojqʼē, pʼattʼē, kʼeyōr)
  • Stress: Stress fell on the first heavy (CVː or CVC) syllable (the last syllable was disregarded); in the absence of a heavy syllable, the stress fell on the third-to-last syllable.
  • Long and short diphthongs merge
  • Beginning of "2nd cycle shift": k > c > s; q > k > c; T > q > k; ŋ > ɲ; N > ŋ; r > l > ɭ > ʀ
  • Umlaut: a e o u > æ i ø y; aa oo uu > ææ øø yy; e i > å ø y; ee ii > øø yy; øw, øj > øy
  • First Khmerization:
    • Before geminates: a > ɔ, i > e, u > o, e > æ, o > ɔ, aa > ɔɔ, ei > ee, ee > ææ, oo > ɔɔ, ou > oo, øy > øø, øø > əə, ai > ææ, au > ɔɔ, ii > ia, uu > ua
  • Second plosive cycle shift completes; p p' > b p
  • Syncope!
  • Second Khmerization: breathy voice
    • i > ɪə i
    • iː > ɘi iː
    • y > ʏə y
    • yː > ɘy yː
    • u > ʊə u
    • uː > ɘu uː
    • e > e ɪ
    • eː > ei eː
    • ø > ø ʏ
    • øː > aø øː
    • o > o ʊ
    • oː > ao oː
    • ɛ > æ ɛ
    • ɛː > æː ɛː
    • a > a ɜ
    • aː > aː ɜː
    • ɔ > ɒ ɔ
    • ɔː > ɒː ɔː
    • ai > ɔe ɛi
    • au > ɛo ɔu
    • ay > aø œy
    • ei > æi ɪː
    • ou > ou ʊː
    • øy > ay ʏː
    • iːə > eːə iːə
    • yːə > øːə yːə
    • uːə > oːə uːə

Phonology

Vowels

  • i y ʉ ɯ u iː yː ʉː ɯː uː
  • ɪ ʏ ш ʊ ɪː ʏː шː ʊː
  • e ø ɘ ɤ o eː øː ɘː ɤː oː
  • ɛ œ ʌ ɔ ɛː œː ʌː ɔː
  • æ ä ɑ æː äː ɑː