Verse:Hmøøh/Rencad

Tigel/Lexicon

Tigel (Tigel: Tigel [ˈtʰɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a West Talmic language.

1: cēm- > ciew 2: tithōr > tyσer 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dǿ-L 5: salir > seler 6: stām > stáw 7: rōde > ryøλ-L 8: lorethe > løreσ-L 9: farve > erv-L 10: ħiōr > yør

Phonology

Tigel phonology is partially based on German, Philadelphia English and Irish.

Consonants

Tigel has around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.

Tigel consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/		ŋ /ŋ/	l [ɴ]
Stop/Affricate	tenuis	b /b̥/	d /d̥/		g /ɡ̊/
	aspirated	p /pʰ/	t /tʰ/		c /kʰ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	s /s/	σ /ɬ/	ch /x/	r /χ~ʁ~ʀ/	h /h/
	voiced	v /v/	z /z/	λ /ɮ/	ğ /ɣ/
Trill
Approximant		w /w/				l /ʟ/

Notes:

• The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
• Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels.
• /t, d/ are alveolar for most speakers.
• /ɬ, ɮ/ are dental [] in the acrolect. They are alveolar [] in regional or basilectal speech.
• /s, z/ are retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
• /ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ˤᵝ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. The realization [ɴ] may be heard after stressed vowels. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
  • It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
  • In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
• /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] or an approximant [ʁ̞] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
  • In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.

Initial consonant mutations

The following consonants can undergo initial lenition and/or eclipsis (except sC clusters):

Consonant mutations

Root letter	m	p	b	f	t	d	s	z	c	g
Lenited	w	f	v	0	σ	λ	h	0	ch	ğ
Eclipsed	m	b	m	v	d	n	z	z	g	ŋ

ğ after a vowel is silent and works like Turkish ğ: before a consonant it lengthens the previous vowel and before a vowel it simply becomes silent.

Vowels

Tigel vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	y /ʏ/	ý /yː/		ú /ʉː/		u /ʊ/	ul, úl /ʊˁː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	ø /œ/	ǿ /øː/	e /ə/	ó /ɵː/	el [ɤˁ]	o /ɔ/	ol, ól /ɔˤː/
Open		á /aː/			a /ɐ/				al, ál /ɒˁː/

Diphthongs: ie yø uo il/íl yl/ýl el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
• /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʉː/ is close central rounded [ʉː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
  • Some non-standard accents use [eɪ].
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • Some non-standard accents use [øʏ].
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
  • Some non-standard accents use [өʉ].
• /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• [ə] is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
• /aː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
• /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].

Umlaut

Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut

Root vowel	a	a	e	é	i	í	ie	o	ó	u	ú	uo
u-umlaut	o	ó	ø	ǿ	y	ý	yø	-	-	-	-	-
i-umlaut	e	é	-	-	-	-	-	ø	ǿ	y	ý	yø

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

clúde - 'time'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	clúde-N	clúden-H
Definite	a chlúde-L	clúder
Construct	clúdew-L	clúder-L

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suor - 'house'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	suor-N	suore-H
Definite	a huor-L	suoren
Construct	suor-L	suorer-L

Feminine consonant declension

iew - 'mother'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	iew	iewer
Definite	a niew-N	a hiew-H
Construct	yøw-L	yøwen-L

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, in the ancestor Thensarian.

Prepositions

	1sg	2sg.m	2sg.f	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
de-L, d'- (before a vowel) 'in'	dien	dies	dyøs	dý	dí	diew	died	diech	dyør
gil 'from'	giln	giles	gyles	gyle	gile	gilew	giled	gilech	gyler

Syntax

Conjunctions

• ir: and
• aσ: or
• ach: but