Verse:Hmøøh/Rencad

Tigel/Lexicon

Tigel (Tigel: Tigel [ˈtʰɪɡ̊ɤᵝˤ]; pronounced "tiggle" in English) is a West Talmic language.

1: cēm- > ciew 2: tithōr > tyσer 3: nazge > nég-L 4: dhaufe > dǿ-L 5: salir > seler 6: stām > stáw 7: rōde > ryøλ-L 8: lorethe > løreσ-L 9: farve > erv-L 10: ħiōr > yør

Phonology

Tigel phonology is partially based on German, Philadelphia English and Irish.

Consonants

Tigel has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.

Tigel consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/		ŋ /ŋ/	l [ɴ]
Stop/Affricate	tenuis	b /b̥/	d /d̥/		g /ɡ̊/
	aspirated	p /pʰ/	t /tʰ/		c /kʰ/
Fricative	voiceless	f /f/	s /s/	σ /ɬ/	ch /x/	r /χ~ʁ~ʀ/	h /h/
	voiced	v /v/	z /z/	λ /ɮ/	ğ /ɣ/
Trill
Approximant		w /w/				l /ʟ/

Notes:

• The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
• Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels.
• /t, d/ are alveolar for most speakers.
• /ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
• /s, z/ are retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
• /ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ˤᵝ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. The realization [ɴ] may be heard after stressed vowels. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
  • It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
  • In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
• /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] or an approximant [ʁ̞] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
  • In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.

Initial consonant mutations

The following consonants can undergo initial lenition and/or eclipsis (except sC clusters):

Consonant mutations

Root letter	m	p	b	f	t	d	s	z	c	g
Lenited	w	f	v	0	σ	λ	h	0	ch	ğ
Eclipsed	m	b	m	v	d	n	z	z	g	ŋ

ğ after a vowel is silent and works like Turkish ğ: before a consonant it lengthens the previous vowel and before a vowel it simply becomes silent.

Vowels

The Tigel vowel system has a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.

Tigel vowels

	Front				Central		Back
	unrounded		rounded		unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
	short	long	short	long	short	long	short	short	long
Close	i /ɪ/	í /iː/	y /ʏ/	ý /yː/		ú /ʉː/		u /ʊ/	ul, úl /ʊˁː/
Mid	e /ɛ/	é /eː/	ø /œ/	ǿ /øː/	e /ə/	ó /ɵː/	el [ɤˁ]	o /ɔ/	ol, ól /ɔˤː/
Open		á /aː/			a /ɐ/				al, ál /ɒˁː/

Diphthongs: ie yø uo il/íl yl/ýl el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/

Notes

Close vowels

• /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
• /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʉː/ is close central rounded [ʉː]. Its rounding is protruded.
• /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
• /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
• /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.

Mid vowels

• /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
  • Some non-standard accents use [eɪ].
• /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • Some non-standard accents use [øʏ].
• /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
  • Some non-standard accents use [өʉ].
• /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
  • In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
• /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
• /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
• [ə] is near-close central unrounded [ɨ̞] in closed syllables. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
• [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
• /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.

Open vowels

• /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
• /aː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
• /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].

Umlaut

Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.

Umlaut

Root vowel	a	a	e	é	i	í	ie	o	ó	u	ú	uo
u-umlaut	o	ó	ø	ǿ	y	ý	yø	-	-	-	-	-
i-umlaut	e	é	-	-	-	-	-	ø	ǿ	y	ý	yø

Morphology

Nouns

Masculine vowel declension

Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?

clúde - 'time'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	clúde-N	clúden-H
Definite	a chlúde-L	clúder
Construct	clúdew-L	clúder-L

Masculine consonantal declension

The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.

suor - 'house'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	suor-N	suore-H
Definite	a huor-L	suoren
Construct	suor-L	suorer-L

Feminine consonant declension

iew - 'mother'
Number→ State↓	Singular	Plural
Indefinite	iew	iewer
Definite	a niew-N	a hiew-H
Construct	yøw-L	yøwen-L

Prepositions

Prepositions are inflected, in the ancestor Thensarian.

Prepositions

	1sg	2sg.m	2sg.f	3sg.m	3sg.f	1pl.ex	1pl.in	2pl	3pl
de-L, d'- (before a vowel) 'in'	dien	dies	dyøs	dý	dí	diew	died	diech	dyør
gil 'from'	giln	giles	gyles	gyle	gile	gilew	giled	gilech	gyler

Syntax

Conjunctions

• ir: and
• aσ: or
• ach: but