Tigal/Lexicon
Tigal is a West Talmic language.
1: cēm > ciamh
2: tithōr > tythar
3: nazge > nég-L
4: dhaufe > dő-L
5: salir > selar
6: stām > stámh
7: rōde > ryadh-L
8: lorethe > lörath-L
9: farve > erbh-L
10: ħiōr > iar
Notes
- i - i-umlaut
- u - u-umlaut
- L - lenition
- N - eclipsis
- h - h-prothesis
Phonology
Consonants
Tigal has a relatively average consonant inventory of around 20 consonants, like most West Talmic languages.
Tigel consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Lateral |
Velar |
Uvular |
Glottal
|
| Nasal
|
/m/ |
/n/ |
|
/ŋ/ |
[ɴ] |
|
| Stop/Affricate
|
tenuis
|
/b̥/ |
/d̥/ |
|
/ɡ̊/ |
|
|
| aspirated
|
/pʰ/ |
/tʰ/ |
|
/kʰ/ |
|
|
| Fricative
|
voiceless
|
/f/ |
/s/ |
/ɬ/ |
/x/
|
/χ~ʁ~ʀ/ |
/h/
|
| voiced
|
/v/ |
/z/ |
/ɮ/ |
/ɣ/
|
|
| Trill
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Approximant
|
/w/ |
|
|
|
/ʟ/ |
|
Notes
- The aspiration distinction is neutralized word-finally.
- Unaspirated consonants are half-voiced between vowels.
- /tʰ, d̥/ are alveolar [tʰ, d̥] for most speakers.
- /ɬ, ɮ/ is formally dental lateral fricatives [ɬ̪, ɮ̪], often alveolar [ɬ, ɮ] in colloquial speech.
- /s, z/ are alveolar retracted [s̠, z̠], similar to the Northern/Central Castillan Spanish and Modern Greek counterparts.
- /ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊/ are usually velar [ŋ, kʰ, ɡ̊], but are often uvular [ɴ, qʰ, ɢ̊] next to /ʀ/ and /ʟ/.
- /ʟ/ is phonetically a pharyngealized uvular approximant [ʁ̞ˤ] or a backed uvular approximant [ʁ̠̞] which may be pronounced with compressed lips [ʁ̞ˤᵝ~ʁ̠̞ᵝ]; the vocalic quality resembles [ɤ]. It is similar to the Philadelphia English vocalized L. (This article uses /ʟ/ for simplicity.)
- It is vocalized in unstressed syllables to [ɤˁ].
- In classical singing and some dialects [ɫ] is used.
- /ʀ/ is a trill [ʀ] in careful speech. It is a fricative [ʁ] in casual speech which devoices to [χ] word-finally or after an aspirate or another fricative. The main features distinguishing /ʀ/ from /ʟ/ are greater frication and absence of pharyngealization in the former.
- In classical singing and some dialects [r] is used.
Mutations
Consonant mutations
| Grapheme
|
m |
p |
b |
f |
n |
t |
d |
s |
z |
l |
ŋ |
c |
g |
r
|
| IPA
|
/m/ |
/pʰ/ |
/p/ |
/f/ |
/n/ |
/tʰ/ |
/t/ |
/s/ |
/z/ |
/ʟ/ |
/ŋ/ |
/kʰ/ |
/k/ |
/ʀ/
|
| Lenited
|
mh |
ph |
bh |
fh |
- |
th |
dh |
sh |
zh |
- |
- |
ch |
gh |
-
|
| IPA
|
/w/ |
/f/ |
/v/
|
silent
|
-
|
/ɬ/ |
/ɮ/ |
/h/ |
silent
|
-
|
- |
/x/ |
/ɣ/
|
-
|
| Eclipsed
|
- |
bp |
mb |
bhf |
- |
dt |
nd |
zs |
- |
nl |
- |
gc |
ŋg |
-
|
| IPA
|
- |
/p/ |
/m/ |
/v/
|
- |
/t/ |
/n/ |
/z/
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
/k/ |
/ŋ/ |
-
|
Vowels
Tigel has a vowel system with a complexity comparable to that of German, with 7 basic vowel qualities, vowel length, and the effects of L-vocalization.
Tigel vowels
|
|
Front
|
Central
|
Back
|
| unrounded
|
rounded
|
unrounded
|
rounded
|
unrounded
|
rounded
|
| short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
short
|
long
|
short
|
short
|
long
|
| Close
|
i /ɪ/
|
í /iː/
|
y /ʏ/
|
ý /yː/
|
|
ú /ʉː/
|
|
u /ʊ/
|
ul, úl /ʊˁː/
|
| Mid
|
e /ɛ/
|
é /eː/
|
ø /œ/
|
ǿ /øː/
|
e /ə/
|
ó /ɵː/
|
el [ɤˁ]
|
o /ɔ/
|
ol, ól /ɔˤː/
|
| Open
|
|
á /aː/
|
|
|
a /ɐ/
|
|
|
|
al, ál /ɒˁː/
|
Diphthongs:
ia ya ua il/íl/ial yl/ýl/yal el él øl ǿl /iə yə uə ɪɤˁ ʏɤˁ ɛɤˁ eɤˁ œɤˁ øɤˁ/
Notes
Close vowels
- /iː/ is close front unrounded [iː].
- /yː/ is close front rounded [yː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʉː/ is somewhat retracted close central rounded [ʉ̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ʊˁː/ is near-close back rounded [ʊ̠ˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʊ̠ɤˁ].
- /ɪ/ is near-close near-front unrounded [ɪ] or close-mid near-front unrounded [e̠].
- /ʏ/ is near-close near-front rounded [ʏ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ʊ/ is near-close near-back rounded [ʊ] or back rounded [ʊ̠]. Its rounding is protruded.
Mid vowels
- /eː/ is close-mid front unrounded [eː].
- /øː/ is close-mid near-front rounded [øː] or mid front rounded [ø̞ː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- /ɵː/ is somewhat retracted close-mid central rounded [ө̠ː]. Its rounding is protruded.
- /ɔˁː/ is open-mid near-back rounded [ɔˁː]. Its rounding is compressed.
- In careful speech, this is a diphthong [ʌɤˁ] or [ɔɤˁ].
- /ɛ/ is open-mid front unrounded [ɛ] or mid near-front unrounded [ɛ̽].
- /œ/ is open-mid near-front rounded [œ]. Its rounding is compressed.
- [ə] is mid central unrounded [ə]. It is often fronted [ə̟] when word-final.
- [ɤˁ] is close-mid compressed pharyngealized [ɤᵝˁ].
- /ɔ/ is open-mid back rounded [ɔ] or mid back rounded [o̞]. Its rounding is protruded.
Open vowels
- /ɐ/ is near-open central unrounded [ɐ].
- /aː/ is open front unrounded front [aː], or near-open front unrounded [æː].
- /ɒˁː/ is most often phonetically a diphthong [ɒɤˁ] or [äɤˁ].
Umlaut
Words may undergo i-umlaut or u-umlaut under the addition of some affixes.
Umlaut
| Root vowel
|
a |
a |
e |
é |
i |
í |
ia |
o |
ó |
u |
ú |
ua
|
| u-umlaut
|
o |
ó |
ø |
ǿ |
y |
ý |
ya |
- |
- |
- |
- |
-
|
| i-umlaut
|
e |
é |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
ø |
ǿ |
y |
ý |
ya
|
L-colored vowels
Morphology
Nouns
Masculine vowel declension
Use ~ AW neuter determiner endings?
| clúda - 'time'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Indefinite
|
clúda-L |
clúdann
|
| Definite
|
a clúda |
clúdar
|
| Construct
|
clúdath |
clúdar
|
Masculine consonantal declension
The mutation after the noun surfaces on adjectives and genitive nouns.
| suar - 'house'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Indefinite
|
suar-N |
suara-H
|
| Definite
|
a shuar-L |
suarann
|
| Construct
|
suara-L |
suarar
|
Feminine vowel declension
Feminine consonant declension
| iamh - 'mother'
|
Number→
State↓
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
| Indefinite
|
iamh |
iamhar
|
| Definite
|
a n-iamh-N |
a h-iamh-H
|
| Construct
|
yamha-L |
yamhar
|
Adjectives
Pronouns
Prepositions
Verbs