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Jugsnorsk

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Jugsnorsk
Ygranorska
Pronunciation[ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]
Created byMelinoë
DateFebruary 23rd, 2026
Native toHúsnorsk republic
Altai mountain region
EthnicityJugsnorsk
Native speakers(L1) 400,000 (2018)
(L2) 20,000
Early forms
Standard form
Varhúsnorsk
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
Regulated byThe Húsnorsk Academy (Unrecognized)
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Jugsnorsk (/jugz.norsk/; endonym: Ygranorska, [ˈyɡ.rɐ.ˌnor̥.kʰɐ]) is a dialect of Húsnorsk, or possibly a distinct but closely related language.

History

Middle Húsnorsk (1350AD~1600AD)

Common Húsnorsk (1600AD~1770AD)

In the early 1770's, a large exodus of Húsnorsk from Novgorod began, likely spurred on by the Russian plague, these fleeing families would move east, into Siberia (So-called "Jugra" by the Húsnorsk, from Russian Yugra). These Húsnorsk were once called "Plýggnorska" ("Fleeing Norse"), though this is a pejorative, and they are now called "Jugsnorsk" ("Yugra's Norse").

Modern Jugsnorsk (1850AD~Today)

Phonology

Labial Dental Alveolar Velar
Nasal m n
Stop Unvoiced p t k
Voiced b d g
Aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
Fricative Unvoiced f θ s x
Voiced ð
Approximant ʋ r², l j
  1. /b, d, g/ become /p, t, k/ next to voiceless stops and /s/, but not /f/, which becomes /ʋ/ next to these consonants.
  2. Realized as /t, p/ before /n, m/ (as in "ormj" /opmʲ/). Additionally, /rs/ may be realized as [tʰ] (or [r̥]).
  3. All geminates are realized as short in coda position (Thus "Plýgg" is /ˈplʏy̯ɡ/)


Stressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High i ɪi̯ iː y ʏy̯ yː u ʊu̯ uː
Mid e e̞i̯ eː ø ø̞y̯ øː o o̞u̯ oː
Low a ɐu̯ aː
Unstressed vowels
Front Back
Unround Round
Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long Short Diph. Long
High ɪ i iː ʏ y yː ʊ u uː
Mid ɛ e eː œ ø øː ɔ o oː
Low ɐ a aː

Within the "long" class is also overlongs that are exceedingly rare, occurring from Old Norse /VːN/, to Varhúsnorsk /Ṽː/, then modern /Vːː/.

/ɛ, ɔ/ also exist in stressed syllables as standalone sounds, but are rather rare, occuring from initial jV/wV assimilation (see "vatn"/"ǫtn" and "jaun"/"ęun"). There are also diphthongs formed from /Vi, Vu/ that aren't in the table, these occur from various sources.

Orthography

Acutes stand for diphthongs (old longs) and macrons stand for long vowels (new longs), there also exists vowels with graves standing for overlongs.

Many Old Norse conventions are still used in handwriting, especially by the highly literate, such as:

"v" as vend ("ꝩ") and a y with a tittle (looking like vend + dot, "ꝩ̇")
Long s is still used
Dotless i ("i" is also often used in place of "j")
Extensive use of ligatures
Shorthand (such as "⁊" and "ᛘ")
Use of a "zig-zag" for "er" and "ir" (such as "ꝩ͛a" for "vera"). Sometimes you may see it alone standing for "er", here it's larger, looking like the rune "ᛋ"
Noun endings are reduced significantly, the "-ʀ" (modern "-j") endings are often all reduced to a simple "j", often with a strike through it, like "ɟ".
Use of R rotunda ("ꝛ"), this often attaches to the preceding letter when it is a large curve (like in "oꝛ")

Runic script

 
Húsnorsk's defining script, "runic miniscule"

As both the Latin alphabet and the Runic alphabet are fully phonemic, there's a one-to-one correspondence between the two. This also means the Latin letters absent from Jugsnorsk should also have their rune equivalent discarded.

The "ʀ" rune acts for /j/

Jugsnorsk's overlongs should be written as macron + acute (like in Latin, eg. "ḗ"). Diacritic usage should closely follow Latin in Jugsnorsk, except with long consonants, which use an overring (eg. "b̊" for "bb")

This so-called "runic miniscule" is extremely unintuitive for most readers of any language, being written right to left, but also bottom to top (so written up the page, not down)

Morphology

Umlaut

Umlaut is a kind of nonconcatenative morphology defined by alternations in the stressed vowel.

All noun patterns exhibit umlaut, but some vowels are unaffected by certain kinds. Some of these have been "corrected" through regularization in Húsnorsk, though a lot of these are a result of false correlation, not actual correction. As with Old Norse "ríkjum" (dative plural of "ríki") becoming "rýkjum" through the dative plural getting analogized to have u-umlaut in all nominal patterns.

The general rules for Nordic umlaut are decently simple, going as follows:

U-umlaut rounds unround vowels (/i, e, ɛ, a/ > /y, ø, ø, ɔ/) and raises round vowels (/o/ > /u/).
I-umlaut raises unround vowels (/e, ɛ, a/ > /i, e, ɛ/) and fronts round vowels (/u, o/ > /y, ø/)
A-umlaut lowers high vowels (/i, u/ > /e, o/)

Some words exhibit both u-umlaut and i-umlaut, as with Proto-Germanic *garwijaną > Old Norse gøra.

Nouns

Húsnorsk, as with most other Germanic languages, has a distinction between strong and weak stem types. These types are divided into classes based on gender and ending, the ending is typically determined by the form in Proto-Germanic, which occasionally leads to potentially confusing stem names, such as "strong ō-stem" nouns, which now have a null ending, where Proto-Germanic had *-ō. The historic Proto-Germanic ending is what determines the modern umlaut patterns, due to this the stem name can help you figure out the type of umlaut the noun has, though, sometimes confusingly, a noun may exhibit a different kind of umlaut in some forms (see the strong u-stems).

Húsnorsk occasionally extends umlaut across patterns in a form of regularization or analogy, this can lead to irregular evolution but morphology that's easier to remember (note how umlaut was extended to almost all vowels)

When looking at the tables below, note that there's multiple as it's giving it in all dialects.

Like many Nordic languages, Húsnorsk underwent the masculine/feminine merger that creates the modern common/neuter systems in the continental Nordic languages.

The tables below will have a hyphen between the root and the suffix in order to show it better. The tables shall be listed in order as:

Varhúsnorsk
Nygadsnorsk
Jugsnorsk

Strong nouns

Common patterns

(Varhúsnorsk tables not yet updated)



As can be seen with this table, nouns can be irregular, especially when it consists of a vowel followed by l, as historic l-vocalization caused additional vowel alternations on top of umlaut.



Neuter patterns

(all outdated)

Inflection of mál- - "{{{mean}}}" (neuter a-stem)
neutral singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mál- mál-it mó- mól-ī
accusative mál- mál-it mó- mól-ī
dative mál-i mál-inū mól-ū mól-unū
genitive mál-is mál-inūs mól-ūs mól-unūs
laudative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mál-s mál-sit mó-s mól-sī
accusative mál-s mál-sit mó-s mól-sī
dative mál-si mál-sinū mól-sū mól-sunū
genitive mál-sis mál-sinūs mól-sūs mól-sunūs
pejorative singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative mál-g mál-git mó-g mól-gī
accusative mál-g mál-git mó-g mól-gī
dative mál-gi mál-ginū mól-gū mól-gunū
genitive mál-gis mál-ginūs mól-gūs mól-gunūs

Verbs

Strong verbs

(everything except Jugsnorsk is outdated here)

Strong verbs have been falling out of use since the 17th century, and most verbs that once were strong are now weak, especially in Jugsnorsk, which is far more inclined to grammatical change than Nygadsnorsk.

An example of this is the verb "ljúga" ("lýga" in Jugsnorsk)

Template:Húsnorsk verbs s2

Conjugation of lýga (weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive lýg-a lýg-ask
pr. part. lýg-addi lýg-addisk
pa. part. lýg-ðj lýg-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular lýg-u lýg-ðu lýg-usk lýg-ðusk
plural lýg-ū lýg-ðū lýg-ūsk lýg-ðūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular lýg-i lýg-ði lýg-isk lýg-ðisk
plural lýg-ī lýg-ðī lýg-īsk lýg-ðīsk
imperative present present
singular lýg- lýg-sk
plural lýg-ið lýg-itsk
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Class 4
Class 5

Template:Varhúsnorsk verbs s5 Template:Húsnorsk verbs s5

Conjugation of geta (strong class 5)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive get-a get-ask
pr. part. get-addi get-addisk
pa. part. gát-tj gát-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular get- gát- get-sk gát-sk
plural get-ū gát-ū get-ūsk gát-ūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular get-i gát-i get-isk gát-isk
plural get-ī gát-ī get-īsk gát-īsk
imperative present present
singular get- get-sk
plural get-ið get-itsk
Class 6
Class 7

Weak verbs

Conjugation of bǿga (weak)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive bǿg-ja bǿg-jask
pr. part. bǿg-jaddi bǿg-jaddisk
pa. part. bǿg-ðj bǿg-tsk
indicative present past present past
singular bǿg-ju bǿg-ðu bǿg-jusk bǿg-ðusk
plural bǿg-jū bǿg-ðū bǿg-jūsk bǿg-ðūsk
subjunctive present past present past
singular bǿg-i bǿg-ði bǿg-isk bǿg-ðisk
plural bǿg-ī bǿg-ðī bǿg-īsk bǿg-ðīsk
imperative present present
singular bǿg- bǿg-sk
plural bǿg-ið bǿg-itsk

Suppletive verbs

Húsnorsk has a few suppletive verbs in which some forms were replaced by another verb's forms.

This first verb is the main copula, the first table presented here is Old Húsnorsk (or Proto-Húsnorsk), it is presented here as it changes the forms significantly from Old Norse, to the point the Norse forms cannot be relied upon as an ancestor.

Conjugation of véja (suppletive)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive véj-a —
pr. part. véj-addi —
pa. part. vé-ðj —
indicative present past present past
singular é- vé- — —
plural éj-ū véj-ū — —
subjunctive present past present past
singular véj-i vé-ði — —
plural véj-ī vé-ðī — —
imperative present present
singular vé- —
plural véj-ið —
Conjugation of ǿja (suppletive)
non-finites active mediopassive
infinitive ǿj-a —
pr. part. ǿj-addi —
pa. part. ǿ-ðj —
indicative present past present past
singular é- ǿ- — —
plural éj-ū ǿj-ū — —
subjunctive present past present past
singular ǿj-i ǿ-ði — —
plural ǿj-ī ǿ-ðī — —
imperative present present
singular ǿ- —
plural ǿj-ið —

Syntax

Húsnorsk has relatively free word order, outside of requiring V2, allowing nouns to appear anywhere in the sentence as long as they're marked correctly.

These following examples will serve to illustrate sentence construction in Húsnorsk. (subject in yellow, verb in blue, object in red).

mānpjǫudīn wą 1.500 —The population was 1,500

In this example, the word order matches English relatively well, and we see "wą" ("was") in the second position.

In this next example, we see it break away from English order, with the verb still occupying V2 position.

árit 2000 wą mānpjǫudīn 1.500—In 2000, the population was 1,500 (lit. The year 2000 was the population 1,500)

The prepositional phrase "árit 2000" (in green) counts as a single unit, thus the verb must come after 2000 rather than árit.

Unlike Icelandic, V2 order has no exceptions, as SV inversion isn't used for yes/no questions. In the following example, you'll see one method of question marking:

Ari havi soutīn — Ari is hungry (lit. Ari has hungry)

and as a question:

Ari havi soutīn? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Ari has hungry?)

Here you see the most common form of question, one without grammatical change, these use a rising vocal intonation as their marking (or a question mark in writing).

Another method is SO inversion, as in:

soutīn havi Ari? — Is Ari hungry? (lit. Hungry has Ari?)

Something important you'll notice here is the use of "to have" where "to be" is used in other Germanic languages, this is a feature of Húsnorsk where permanent attributes use "to be" while temporary states use "to have", thus:

Ari er sę́u — Ari is happy (Ari is always happy)
Ari havi sę́u — Ari is happy (Ari is happy right now)

While "hava" can generally only take a noun, when used this way, "hava" takes an adjective just like "vera". When both an adjective and a noun exist, there is a semantic difference in meaning between the two, so saying Ari havi sę́u is the English "Ari is happy", but saying Ari havi sę́ud means she's possessing happiness, "having happiness" is roughly equivalent to saying "withholding/denying happiness".

This hava vs vera copula system is, in a way, similar to Spanish's two copulas.

Texts

Drømde mik en drøm i nat

 
The handwritten Latin Jugsnorsk text. The second displays extensive shortenings.
 
The Jugsnorsk text in runic miniscule.

Original (OEN):

Drømde mik en drøm i nat um : silki ok ærlik pæl

Hússnorską:

Varhúsnorsk: drǿmða mik ą drøm í nát ū : siuki ok dýrā feud
/drøːm.ða mik ɐ drø̃ː iː naːt ũ : siu̯.ki o(x) dyː.rã feu̯d/
Nygadsnorsk: drǿmda mik ą drǿm í nát ú : sýki o dýrá fǿd
/drøːm.da mik ɐ drøːː iː naːt uː : syː.ki o dyː.raː føːd/
Jugsnorsk: ęk drø̀ðu mik a drø̀s í nát ū : sýkis ok fýds
[ˌɛk ˈdrøːː.ðʊ ˌmik ɐ ˈdrøːːs i ˈnɐu̯t uː : ˈsʏy̯.kɪs ɔ ˈfʏy̯tʰ]
  1. "a"/"ą" is a filler syllable to pad the line out, it has no semantic meaning.

English:

I dreamt a dream last night of : silk and fine fur.
literal: I dreamt me a dream last night about : silk and fine fur

UDHR Article 1

Original (English):

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Hússnorsk:

Varhúsnorsk: audmaðj er prjáusporīn ok javn ǫnnū wirðiggi ok rę́tti. męðj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok męðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
/au̯d.maðj er prjaːu̯s.po.rĩn ox javn ɔn.nũ wir.ðiɡ.ɡi ox rɛːt.ti mɛðj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki ox su.vɛs.ti ox mɛðj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.ður.leː.ki/
Nygadsnorsk: ǫ́dmadj er prjǭsporín ok javn ǫnnú wirdiggi ok rę́tti. mędj eru haft jęrki ok suvęsti, ok mędj skulu gørt anna bródurléki.
/ɔːd.madj er prjɔːːs.po.riːn o jaʋn ɔn.nuː wir.diɡ.ɡi o rɛːt.ti medj e.ru xaft jɛr.ki o su.vɛs.ti o mɛdj sku.lu ɡørt an.na broː.dur.leː.ki/
Jugsnorsk: ódmaðj er prjósporīn ok jaun onnū virðiggi ok rétti. meðj eru haft jerki ok suvesti, ok meðj skulu gørt anna bróðurléki.
[o̞u̯d.maðj er prjo̞u̯s.po.riːn ɔ jɔu̯n on.nuː ʋir.ðɪɡ.ɡɪ ɔ re̞i̯t.tɪ meðj e.rʊ xɐf(t) jer.kɪ ɔ su.vɛs.tɪ ɔ meðj skʊ.lɐ ɡørt an.nɐ bro̞u̯.ðʊr.le̞i̯.kɪ]

Literal translation:

Every human is free-born and the same to others, to value, and to rights. Humans will always have reason and conscience, and humans should (or "must") treat others to brotherhood.

Lexical comparison

  1. Not cognate
"spá" from Old Norse "spá", meaning "to foretell".
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