Proto-Quame

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Proto-Quihum/Lexicon

Proto-Quihum is the reconstructed common ancestor of all Quihum languages. It's inspired by Salish languages and Proto-Indo-European. The main source languages for the reconstruction of PQ are Ancient Wiebian, Thensarian, Naquian and Boot Polish.

Todo

Nsəlxcin Resources

  • ablaut patterns
    • combine with stress shifting rules?
    • also use sonorant metathesis for descendants
  • determiner endings
  • verbs
  • derivational morphology
  • Use shorter words
  • there's a lot of nt's and st's - too much?
  • -əlx is gibby
  • -p could disappear/CL in both Pf and Tal
  • Cluster resolution - 1st and last consonant or second-to-last and last?
  • potential non-Salish clusters: mb, nd, ng, ngʷ, nz, nλ
  • s-mobile
  • shit, will I need a nasal infix?! (maybe just a ʕ-infix - turns to nasalization in Pf and Tal)

Morphemes

  • sta= = more
  • -s = verbal noun
    • Thensarian infinitive -s;
    • Wiebian verbal noun -s
  • -x = 2sg imperative
  • -aʔ, -ix = nominal affixes?
    • Wiebian -e, U-e
  • -lx = place nouns?
    • Wiebian -er
    • Thensarian -ly-m?
  • ʔal and ʔalʼ 'at, near' as variants
    • Wiebian er 'for' and Thensarian ar 'and'
  • t- = (interrogative morpheme)
    • Wiebian das words
    • Thensarian tēs 'who' and tas 'what'
  • kʷ- = we, our (inc); emphatic; also 'here' (inc)?
    • the kʷi in kʷix̌əmʼ?
    • Wiebian was words
    • Thensarian cēs 'this man' (sounds like Clofab cesin!)
  • nikʷt-s = 'thing' (< carry)?
    • Tíogall 'thing; not' < Thn. nīs (idem)
    • Wiebian nicht, nichts 'indeed'
  • kastʼ = 'accompany'
    • Wiebian Heste 'wife'
  • əyn = determiner
    • Wiebian ein (article)
  • hay! = vocative
    • Wiebian ei
  • -x̌ulʼ = dual? augmentative? collective?
  • -dxʷ = nominalizer?
    • Wiebian -t nouns
  • -ił (m) = nominalization
  • -x̌ał = adjective suffix?
  • nəx̌ = 'I'
    • Wiebian nu, Thensarian

Overview

Phonology

Consonants

The following inventory of consonants is reconstructed for PQ by Sjawu Panzux, and is now accepted by the majority of scholars.[1] Languages such as Adetsib have the most archaic consonant inventories.

Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
central lateral plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal plain *m *n
glottalized *mʼ /mˀ/ *nʼ /nˀ/
Plosive plain *p *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
ejective *pʼ *tʼ *kʼ *kʷʼ *qʼ *qʷʼ
Fricative *s /ɬ/ *x *xʷ *x̌ /χ/ *x̌ʷ /χʷ/ *h
Affricate plain *c /ts/ /tɬ/
voiced *z /dz/ /dɮ/
ejective *cʼ /tsʼ/ *ƛʼ /tɬʼ/
Resonant plain *l *y /j/ *w
glottalized *lʼ /lˀ/ *yʼ /jˀ/ *wʼ /wˀ/

Vowels

Front Central Back
Close *i *u
Mid
Open *a

Suprasegmentals

Stress was phonemic.

Phonotactics

Rules:

  • When initial reduplication occurs, glottalized initials deglottalize.

Grammar

Typology

The basic word order was V2, modifier-modified.

Ablaut

Much like in PIE, PQ had an ablaut system where roots (usually of 2 or 3 consonants) were inflected in different ablaut grades.

  • ł-x̌ʷ = 'be'
  • x̌-nʼ = 'live'
  • k-p = 'eat'
  • ƛ-y = 'grab, capture'
    • Wb. Seime = hand < ŝīmō < ƛiymaʔ
  • q-s-tʼ = 'friend, companion'

Determiners

The characteristic inflection of determiners could be a relic of an older word order where prepositions were inserted between an adjective and the following noun (cf. magnā cum laude).

Should have some syncretism

can spam laryngeals and clusters

  • r < PQ nʼ, wʼ, lʼ, l (+clusters)
  • m < PQ m, mʼ (+clusters)
  • n < PQ n (+clusters)
  • s < PQ tʼ, s, c, cʼ
  • e < PQ laryngeals, -ł, -i, -p, u?
  • -0 < PQ -0, -p, -a, -ə


Ahn 'father' - masculine
Singular Plural
Indef. nom. eine Ahn einen Ahn
Def. nom. ein Ahn einer Ahn
Indef. acc. ein Ahn einer Ahn
Def. acc. einem Ahn eines Ahn
Indef. gen. *-əm eines Ahn
Def. gen. eine Ahn einen Ahn


Mahl 'mother' - feminine
Singular Plural
Indef. nom. einem Mahl eines Mahl
Def. nom. eine Mahl einen Mahl
Indef. acc. *-x̌ einen Mahl
Def. acc. ein Mahl einer Mahl
Indef. gen. ein Mahl einer Mahl
Def. gen. einem Mahl eines Mahl


Ŧeib 'chalice' - neuter
Singular Plural
Indef. nom. ein Ŧeib einer Ŧeib
Def. nom. einem Ŧeib eines Ŧeib
Indef. acc. einem Ŧeib eines Ŧeib
Def. acc. eine Ŧeib einen Ŧeib
Indef. gen. eine Ŧeib einen Ŧeib
Def. gen. ein Ŧeib einer Ŧeib

Nominals

Collectives were formed by reduplication (like the plural in Salish languages).

Plural: kawʼqs 'raven' > kákəwʼqs or kəkáwʼqs 'ravens, all ravens' (the former is thought to be the older form)

Pronouns

bi-: transitivizer? 3rd person object affix?

Verbs

Verbs were conjugated for subject, object, aspect, and mood (but not for voice).

  • Subject agreement: For each pronoun, and 3rd person m/f/n, and perhaps collective
  • Aspects: present, preterite, stative
  • Moods: indicative, subjunctive, jussive, imperative

Ablaut grades

  • present: a-grade
  • preterite: i-grade
  • stative: u-grade?
  • verbal noun: 0-grade

TAM affixes

  • -x - 2sg imperative
    • *miʔdx = 'give!'

Tense/Agreement suffixes

Subject markers:

  • 1sg: -n
  • 2sg: -y'
  • 3sg.m: -m
  • 3sg.f: -c
  • 3sg.n: -0
  • 1pl.ex: -maʔ
  • 2pl: -tkʷ
  • 3pl: -ti

Object markers:

  • 1sg: n-
  • 2sg: l'-
  • 3 (animate): b-
  • 3 (neuter): k-
  • 1pl.ex: m-
  • 1pl.in: d-
  • 2pl: c'-

Some etymologies

  • 1: *x̌əmʼ; *kʷi-x̌əmʼ- 'only one'
    • kʷíx̌əmʼ or kʷix̌ə́mʼ?
  • 2: *tił-x̌ulʼ
  • 3: *nazg
  • 4: *λawpʼ
  • 5: *calił
  • 6: *sta-x̌əmʼ 'one more'; *qʷ’əl’
  • 7: *nʼəxʷd
  • 8: *lx̌ʷzitʼ
  • 9: *pʼalʼgʷ
  • 10: *q’əyʼ-x̌ulʼ
  • step/level: *naycʼ ('20' in Talsmic)
  • stone: *ƛʼecqʷ
  • water: *yənqʷʼ
  • day: *m’ul

References

  1. ^ Panzux, Sj. Fóidilinn le caoigháthadh an Cvicham