Nurian
| Nurian | |
|---|---|
| nūrimę | |
| Created by | IlL |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qnr |
Nurian (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: gaffą nūrimę, Tíogall: an Núirimh) is a Talmic language descending from Thensarian, aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, and Lithuanian. Close relatives include Tíogall. Nurian is the official language of Nuria (Nūrē) in the southwestern region of the continent called Cuadhlabh by Tíogall speakers. It is easily the most conservative Talmic language in both grammar and phonology, though with signficant influence from Dūsswaren.
Todo
lenkah = chili pepper
thȳviah = heart
aillī (f) = love
ȝatthani = to laugh
ħausini = to be born
ȝeggani = to pull
viattheni = to get
fassa = near
khaibyni = cry
niθani = sleep
bissini = speak
abbissini = confirm
fuothani = drive
nūrakarą = Nurian person
Numbers: ċēmy̨, tithuor, nagge, δaube, saliθe, thāmy̨, ruode, laθθe, bavve, ħiuor
Historical phonology
- -am -em -im -om -um -ym -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm -ȳm > -ą -ę -į -ą -ų -y̨ -ą -ę -į -ų -ų -y̨
- -s > -h
- Thn. cia ce ci cio ciu > ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu
- e ē ea eā > e ē ia iā /ʲa ʲaː ʲa ʲaː/
- o, ō > a, uo
Cluster assimilations
Double consonants become single word-initially.
- pl bl ml fl tl dl cl gl ngl > ppi bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi kki ggi ngi
- ħl, ȝl > ħħ, ȝȝ
- nl, rl > both ll
- sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr > pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh
- sb, sd, sg > bb, dd, gg
- pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr > pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ
- br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr > bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ
- mr > nn
- cn, gn > ngh, ng
- mn > nn
- rC > CC
- lC > :C
- ct > tt
- mφ, ns > [+nasal]f, [+nasal]s
- tv dv θv δv > pp bb ff vv
Numbers
Phonology
The Nurian sound system has around 57 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels. Nurian is quite phonologically conservative among Talmic languages.
Phonotactics
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant. In compensation Nurian is rich in geminate consonants; word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/ and vowels are allowed.
Dagȳne accent
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | |||||
| Nasal | voiceless | mh m̊ˠ | mhi m̊ʲ | nh n̪̊ˠ | nhi n̊ʲ | nghi ŋ̊ʲ | ngh ŋ̊ | |||||
| voiced | m mˠ | mi mʲ | n n̪ˠ | ni nʲ | ngi ŋʲ | ng ŋ | ||||||
| Stop | tenuis | p pˠ | pi pʲ | t t̪ˠ | ti tʲ | ċi tʃ | ki kʲ | k k | -r ʔ | |||
| aspirated | ph pˠʰ | phi pʲʰ | th t̪ˠʰ | thi tʲʰ | ċhi tʃʰ | khi kʲʰ | kh kʰ | |||||
| voiced | b bˠ | bi bʲ | d d̪ˠ | di dʲ | ġi dʒ | gi ɡʲ | g ɡ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f fˠ | fi fʲ | θ θˠ | θi θʲ | s sˠ | si sʲ | ħ, ħi ħ | h, hi h | |||
| voiced | v vˠ | vi vʲ | δ ðˠ | δi ðʲ | z zˠ | zi zʲ | ||||||
| Trill | voiceless | rh r̥ˠ | rhi r̥ʲ | |||||||||
| voiced | r rˠ | ri rʲ | ||||||||||
| Lateral | voiceless | lh l̥ˠ | lhi l̥ʲ | |||||||||
| voiced | l lˠ | li lʲ | ||||||||||
| Approximant | j j | ȝ, ȝi ʕ | ||||||||||
- Notes
- Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
- All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized).
- All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
- /tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
- /tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
- /θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
- /sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
- /rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
- /rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
- /lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
- /lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
- /ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
- /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
- Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
- /ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
- /ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
- /h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.
Vowels
Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | |
| Close | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | /iː/ | /ĩː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ũː/ | |||
| Open | [ɛ~æ] | [æː] | /a/ | /aː/ | /ãː/ | [ɑ] | [ɑː] | ||
Diphthongs: /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/
- Notes
- Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
- /a aː/ each have three allophones:
- [ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants
- [ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
- Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]
Fiuġġēra accent
The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain.
- θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
- Non-rhotic
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | |||||
| Nasal | voiceless | m̊ʶ | m̊ | n̥ʶ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | ŋ̊ | |||||
| voiced | mʶ | m | n̪ʶ | n | ɲ | ŋʶ | ||||||
| Stop | tenuis | pʶ | p | tʶ | t | tʃ | k | kʶ | ʔ | |||
| aspirated | pʶʰ | pʰ | tʶʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | kʶʰ | |||||
| voiced | bʶ | b | dʶ | d | dʒ | g | ɡʶ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | fʶ | f | θ | sʶ | s | ħ | h | ||||
| voiced | vʶ | ð | zʶ | z | ||||||||
| Trill | voiceless | r̥ʶ | r̥ | |||||||||
| voiced | rʶ | r | ||||||||||
| Lateral | voiceless | ɬʶ | ɬ | |||||||||
| voiced | l | |||||||||||
| Approximant | wʶ | w | j | ʕ | ||||||||
- Notes
- Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.
Stress
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
- Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest from the end, if it is not the final syllable;
- if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.
Orthography
Consonants
| Grapheme | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | θ | δ | s | z | r | l | ng | k | g | ħ | ȝ | h | j |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | /mˠ/ | /pˠ/ | /bˠ/ | /fˠ/ | /vˠ/ | /nˠ/ | /tˠ/ | /dˠ/ | /θˠ/ | /ðˠ/ | /sˠ/ | /zˠ/ | /rˠ/ | /ɫ/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | /ħ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | /j/ |
| Soft | /mʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /vʲ/ | /nʲ/ | /tʲ/ | /dʲ/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /sʲ/ | /zʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /lʲ/ | /ɲ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /d͡ʒ/ |
Aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ tʰˠ tʰʲ tʃʰ kʰ m̊ˠ m̊ʲ n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ ɲ̊ ŋ̊ l̥ˠ l̥ʲ r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written ⟨ph th ch mh nh ngh lh rh⟩.
Final -r is pronounced /ʔ/.
Vowels
|
|
Grammar
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order.
Nouns
Sgv-clv-plv system.
Nouns and adjectives
Masculine nouns
| θȳrų 'bird' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | θȳrų | θyθȳrų | θȳrīh |
| Definite | θȳrai | θyθȳrai | θȳrinny |
Feminine nouns
| gandā 'body' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | gandā | gagandā | gandār |
| Definite | gandą | gagandą | gandāh |
Neuter nouns
| tettyh 'child' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Indefinite | tettyh | tetettyh | tettȳn |
| Definite | tettȳh | tetettȳh | tettȳr |
Mass nouns
| jenāh 'water' (n.) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | ||
| Indefinite | jenāh | jenenāh | |
| Definite | jenaȝeh | jenenaȝeh | |
Verbs
TAM
Present
| Person | tussani "I pray" (a-stem) |
tareni "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
aillini "I love" (i-stem) |
kassyni "I eat" (ablaut stem) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | tussani | tareni | aillini | kassyni |
| 2SG | tussar | tarer | aillir | kassyr |
| 3SG.M | tussą | tarę | aillį | kassy̨ |
| 3SG.F | tussah | tareh | aillih | kassyh |
| 3SG.N | tussa | tare | ailli | kassy |
| 1EX | tussamē | taremē | aillimē | kassymē |
| 1IN | tussanti | tarenti | aillinti | kassynti |
| 2PL | tussaċċhi | tareċċhi | ailliċċhi | kassyċċhi |
| 3PL | tussati | tareti | ailliti | kassyti |
Imperfect
Reduplication rules:
- If word begins with C, redup first CV (V is shortened)
Preterite
| Person | tussan "I pray" (a-stem) |
taren "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
aillin "I love" (i-stem) |
kassyn "I eat" (ablaut stem) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | tussanne | tarenne | aillinne | ċēnne |
| 2SG | tussarȳ | tarerȳ | aillirȳ | ċērȳ |
| 3SG.M | tussamhi | taremhi | aillimhi | ċēmhi |
| 3SG.F | tussatthi | taretthi | aillitthi | ċētthi |
| 3SG.N | tussasa | taresa | aillisa | ċēsa |
| 1EX | tussamer | taremer | aillimer | ċēmer |
| 1IN | tussanter | tarenter | aillinter | ċēnter |
| 2PL | tussaċċher | tareċċher | ailliċċher | ċēċċher |
| 3PL | tussati | tareti | ailliti | ċēter |
Syntax
Particles
- ank = 'and'
- ħuġġiah ank thādī [ˈħʊdʒːæh æŋk tʰaːdʲiː] = 'bread and milk'
- nīh (/nʲiːh/) = 'not'
Phrasebook
- Adduorī! = 'Hello!'
Sample texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Bąsa kakarą ħausį gāry̨ ank θēvų di khurriū ank iġġiātiū, ank ammīdīnį gą ȝiabbī ank dȳkaluttī, siūȝą danθū ētarākah ħaibatthyh di helą venghimę.
- All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.