Eta-Talmic

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Proto-Talmic/Swadesh list

Proto-Talmic is a descendant of Proto-Quihum and the last common ancestor of all Talmic languages (including Thensarian, Eevo, Nurian, Roshterian, ...). It was a fusional, head-initial language with a number system consisting of singulative, collective and plurative numbers.

Numbers

  1. *kʷēmom
  2. *tiθōr
  3. *nasg-
  4. *ðaub-
  5. *soliθ-
  6. *stāmom
  7. *roud-
  8. *lored-
  9. *φarw-
  10. *ħijōr
  11. ???
  12. *kʷnaisā

Todo

  • -nəm = patientive?
  • skwidu-s = gather-INF (from Adetsib skwidus)
  • stan- = gather
    • stannəm = gathering
      • Eevo sdann = (mathematics) set
    • ~ sta- in stāmom?
  • add 0 grade, lengthened grade.
    • -ssōs = another noun suffix
    • 0 grade often > ə-grade but Cl, Cr > Cli-, Cri-
    • lengthened grades: ā ī ū > ó ī ū

Phonology

Consonants

Proto-Talmic reconstructed consonants (Panzux)
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Uvular Labiouvular Glottal
Nasal *m *n
Plosive voiceless *t *k *kʷ *q *qʷ
voiced *b *d *g *gʷ
Fricative voiceless *s *h
voiced *ʁʷ
Resonant *l *r *y *w

Vowels

a e i o u ə ā ē ī ō ū

Diphthongs:

ai ei oi ui aw ew iw ow

Thensarian reflexes

  • a e i o u ə > a e i o u y
  • ō > ū in word-final syllables; ā elsewhere (gives too much aw in Eevo?)
  • ou > ō
  • ē > ī
  • ei > ē
  • oi > ȳ
  • ui > ui
  • ew >
  • iw >
  • ai, au > ae, ao

Morphology

Proto-Talmic had an ablaut system much like that of Indo-European.

Nouns

Masculine nouns

(Just one paradigm)

ɮoirom 'bird'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute ɮoirom ɮeɮoirom ɮoirīs
Construct ɮoirai ɮeɮoirai ɮoirinnə


Possessed forms of ɮoirom - 'bird'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct ɮoirot ɮoirinnət
1sg possessor ɮoiron ɮoirinnən
2sg.m possessor ɮoirossi ɮoirinnəssi
2sg.f possessor ɮoirossiu ɮoirinnəssiu
3sg.m possessor ɮoirotiu ɮoirinniu
3sg.f possessor ɮoirotī ɮoirinnī
3sg.n possessor ɮoirota ɮoirinna
1exc possessor ɮoirosmə ɮoirinnəsmə
1inc possessor ɮoiroswi ɮoirinnəswi
2pl possessor ɮoiroka ɮoirinnəka
3pl possessor ɮoirotōr ɮoirinnətōr

Feminine nouns

gʷondā 'body'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute gʷondā gegʷondā gʷondār
Construct gʷondāt gegʷondām gʷondās


Possessed forms of gʷondā - 'body'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct gʷondat gʷondāsat
1sg possessor gʷondan gʷondasan
2sg.m possessor gʷondassi gʷondasassi
2sg.f possessor gʷondassiu gʷondasassiu
3sg.m possessor gʷondatiu gʷondasiu
3sg.f possessor gʷondatī gʷondasī
3sg.n possessor gʷondata gʷondasa
1exc possessor gʷondasmə gʷondasasmə
1inc possessor gʷondaswi gʷondasaswi
2pl possessor gʷondaka gʷondaseka
3pl possessor gʷondatōr gʷondasōr

Neuter nouns

tektəs 'child'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Absolute tektəs tetektəs tektəen
Construct tektəes tetektəes tektəer


Possessed forms of tektəs - 'child'
Number→
State↓
Singulative Plurative
Construct tektət tektəerət
1sg possessor tektən tektəerən
2sg.m possessor tektəssi tektəerəssi
2sg.f possessor tektəssiu tektəerəssiu
3sg.m possessor tektiu tektəeriu
3sg.f possessor tektī tektəerī
3sg.n possessor tektəta tektəera
1exc possessor tektəsmo tektəersmo
1inc possessor tektəswi tektəerswi
2pl possessor tektəka tektəerka
3pl possessor tektōr tektəerōr


jenaqʷs 'water' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Absolute jenaqʷs jenenaqʷs
Construct jenaqʷes jenenaqʷes


stuφs 'fire' (n.)
Singulative Collective
Absolute stuφs stestuφs
Construct stuφes stestuφes

Adjectives

Masculine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtam memukʷtam mukʷtaīs
Definite mukʷtoi memukʷtoi mukʷtannə

Feminine:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtā memukʷtā mukʷtar
Definite mukʷtāt memukʷtām mukʷtās

Neuter:

mukʷtam 'dark'
Singulative Collective Plurative
Indefinite mukʷtas memukʷtas mukʷtān
Definite mukʷtās memukʷtās mukʷtār


Verbs

Object markers

Object affixes
Singular Plural
1 ni- mē-
1 + 2 - θē-
2 ti- sē-
3 bi- nē-

TAM + subject markers

Collective subjects agree with singular (subject or object) verb affixes.

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade".

  • present stem a - preterite stem e - VN a
  • present stem ā - preterite stem ē - VN a
  • present stem o - preterite stem i - VN ə
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ī
  • present stem ō - preterite stem ē
  • present stem oi - preterite stem ei
  • present stem ou - preterite stem iu
  • present stem au - preterite stem eu

Progressive
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaisman *kaφsən
2SG *ʁaismar *kaφsər
3SG.M *ʁaismam *kaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismasim *kaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁaisma *kaφs
1EX *ʁaismamē *kaφsmē
1IN *ʁaismant *kaφsənt
2PL *ʁaismaskʷe *kaφsəskʷe
3PL *ʁaismat *kaφsət

Habitual
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁeʁaisman *kekaφsən
2SG *ʁeʁaismar *kekaφsər
3SG.M *ʁeʁaismam *kekaφsəm
3SG.F *ʁeʁaismasim *kekaφsəsim
3SG.N *ʁeʁaisma *kekaφs
1EX *ʁeʁaismamē *kekaφsmē
1IN *ʁeʁaismant *kekaφsənt
2PL *ʁeʁaismaskʷe *kekaφsəskʷe
3PL *ʁeʁaismat *kekaφsət

Preterite
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismannem *keφsənnem
2SG *ʁaismarəg *keφsrəg
3SG.M *ʁaismasəm *keφsəsəm
3SG.F *ʁaismast *keφsəst
3SG.N *ʁaismaso *keφso
1EX *ʁaismamer *keφsəmer
1IN *ʁaismanter *keφsənter
2PL *ʁaismaskʷer *keφsəskʷer
3PL *ʁaismater *keφsəter

Subjunctive
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
1SG *ʁaismanai *kaφsnai
2SG *ʁaismarai *kaφsrai
3SG.M *ʁaismamewr *kaφsmewr
3SG.F *ʁaismasewr *kaφsəsewr
3SG.N *ʁaismawr *kaφsewr
1EX *ʁaismamai *kaφsmai
1IN *ʁaismantai *kaφsəntai
2PL *ʁaismaskʷai *kaφsəskʷai
3PL *kaismatewr *kaφsətewr

Imperative
Person ʁaisman "I swim"
(vowel-stem)
kaφsən "I eat"
(ablaut stem)
2SG *ʁaismā! *kaφsə!
1IN *ʁaismantē! *kaφsəntē!
2PL *ʁaismaskʷē! *kaφsəskʷē!


Derivational morphology

Ablaut patterns

Syntax

The emphatic particle *-is was commonly suffixed to the verb, as seen directly in Thensarian and the fact that Rostherian kept most verb affixes intact.

Lexicon