Verse:Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon

Ablaut

Root ablaut occurs in some stems in verbs and derived nouns. Ablauting verbs follow one of the patterns below (modulo compensatory lengthening); the present stem is in what is called the "a-grade" in Quihum linguistics, and the preterite stem has the "i-grade". (Also cf. Ancient Wiebian.)

• present stem a - preterite stem e
• present stem ā - preterite stem ē
• present stem o - preterite stem i
• present stem ō - preterite stem ī
• present stem ō - preterite stem ē
• present stem ȳ - preterite stem ē
• present stem ao - preterite stem iū
• present stem ao - preterite stem iō

Nouns and adjectives

Thensarian nouns inflect for singulative, collective and plurative numbers and for absolute and construct state. There are also possessive suffixes.

Masculine nouns

Possible endings: -am, -em, -im, -om, -um, -ym

δȳrom 'bird'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	δȳrom	δeδȳrom	δȳrīs

Possessed forms of δȳrom - 'bird'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	δȳrot	δȳrinnyt
1sg possessor	δȳrōn	δȳroryn
2sg.m possessor	δȳrossi	δȳroressi
2sg.f possessor	δȳrossy	δȳroressy
3sg.m possessor	δȳry	δȳrory
3sg.f possessor	δȳrī	δȳrorī
3sg.n possessor	δȳra	δȳrora
1exc possessor	δȳrommo	δȳrorammo
1inc possessor	δȳront	δȳrorynt
2pl possessor	δȳrocca	δȳrorecca
3pl possessor	δȳrōr	δȳrorōr

Feminine nouns

Possible endings: -ā, -ē, -ī, -ō, -ū

gondā 'body'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	gondā	gegondā	gondār
Definite	gondām	gegondām	gondās

Possessed forms of gondā - 'body'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	gondāt	gondāsat
1sg possessor	gondaen	gondannan
2sg.m possessor	gondaessi	gondannassi
2sg.f possessor	gondaessy	gondannassy
3sg.m possessor	gondae	gondanny
3sg.f possessor	gondaeī	gondannī
3sg.n possessor	gondaea	gondanna
1exc possessor	gondaemmo	gondannammo
1inc possessor	gondaent	gondannynt
2pl possessor	gondaecca	gondannecca
3pl possessor	gondaeōr	gondannōr

Neuter nouns

Possible endings: -as, -es, -is, -os, -us, -ys or a consonantal ending (-s or null ending)

tectys 'child'
	Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Indefinite	tectys	tetectys	tectȳn

Possessed forms of tectys - 'child'
Number→ State↓	Singulative	Plurative
Construct	tectyt	tectȳt
1sg possessor	tectyn	tectȳsin
2sg.m possessor	tectyssi	tectȳssi
2sg.f possessor	tectyssy	tectȳssy
3sg.m possessor	tectymy	tectȳsiō
3sg.f possessor	tectymī	tectȳsī
3sg.n possessor	tectyma	tectȳsia
1exc possessor	tectȳmmo	tectȳsimmo
1inc possessor	tectȳnt	tectȳsint
2pl possessor	tectȳcca	tectȳsicca
3pl possessor	tectymōr	tectȳsiōr

Mass nouns

jenās 'water' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	jenās	jenenās

stucs 'fire' (n.)
	Singulative	Collective
Indefinite	stucs	stetucs

Adjectives

The predicative form of an adjective is the indefinite form.

-am, -em, -im, -om, -um, -ym

lāmam 'good'

		Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Masculine	Indefinite	lāmam	lelāmam	lāmaes
	Definite	lāmae	lelāmae	lāmanny
Feminine	Indefinite	lāmā	lelāmā	lāmar
	Definite	lāmām	lelāmām	lāmās
Neuter	Indefinite	lāmas	lelāmas	lāmān
	Definite	lāmās	lelāmās	lāmār

tryvim 'green'

		Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Masculine	Indefinite	tryvim	tetryvim	tryvēs
	Definite	tryvē	tetryvē	tryvinny
Feminine	Indefinite	tryvī	tetryvī	tryvir
	Definite	tryvīm	tetryvīm	tryvīs
Neuter	Indefinite	tryvis	tetryvis	tryvīn
	Definite	tryvīs	tetryvīs	tetryvīr

stratum 'salty'

		Singulative	Collective	Plurative
Masculine	Indefinite	stratum	sestratum	stratuis
	Definite	stratui	sestratui	stratunny
Feminine	Indefinite	stratū	sestratū	stratur
	Definite	stratūm	sestratūm	stratūs
Neuter	Indefinite	stratus	sestratus	stratūn
	Definite	stratūs	sestratūs	stratūr

Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Mwail/Old Gloob/Lexicon grammar. A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. switch-reference marker
2. applicative or derivational prefixes
3. object prefix
4. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
5. STEM
6. voice suffix
7. TAM + subject
8. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	in-	mē-
1 + 2	-	cē-
2	ti-	sē-
3	bi-	nē-

Voice markers

• -ro- = passive marker

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:

• Consonant stems: (-y-)
• Vowel stems: -a-, -e-, -i-, -o-, -u-

The emphatic marker is usually added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. nīs 'not', rin relativizer):

• cacsynis = I eat
• nīs cacsyn = I do not eat

Collective nouns take the singular form of the verb.

Present

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānis	torenis	aellinis	cacsynis
2SG	tussāris	toreris	aelliris	cacsyris
3SG.M	tussāmis	toremis	aellimis	cacsymis
3SG.F	tussāsis	toresis	aellisis	cacsysis
3SG.N	tussās	tores	aellis	cacsis
1EX	tussāmēs	toremēs	aellimēs	cacsymēs
1IN	tussāntis	torentis	aellintis	cacsyntis
2PL	tussāsces	toresces	aellisces	cacsysces
3PL	tussātis	toretis	aellitis	cacsytis

Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussān	nīs toren	nīs aellin	nīs cacsyn
2SG	nīs tussār	nīs torer	nīs aellir	nīs cacsyr
3SG.M	nīs tussām	nīs torem	nīs aellim	nīs cacsym
3SG.F	nīs tussāsi	nīs toresi	nīs aellisi	nīs cacsysi
3SG.N	nīs tussā	nīs tore	nīs aelli	nīs cacsy
1EX	nīs tussāmē	nīs toremē	nīs aellimē	nīs cacsymē
1IN	nīs tussānt	nīs torent	nīs aellint	nīs cacsynt
2PL	nīs tussāsce	nīs toresce	nīs aellisce	nīs cacsysce
3PL	nīs tussāt	nīs toret	nīs aellit	nīs cacsyt

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

• Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
• Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ȝastranis 'I laugh', aȝastranis 'I used to laugh'.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tetussānis	tetorenis	aeaellinis	cecacsynis
2SG	tetussāris	tetoreris	aeaelliris	cecacsyris
3SG.M	tetussāmis	tetoremis	aeaellimis	cecacsymis
3SG.F	tetussāsis	tetoresis	aeaellisis	cecacsysis
3SG.N	tetussās	tetores	aeaellis	cecacsis
1EX	tetussāmēs	tetoremēs	aeaellimēs	cecacsymēs
1IN	tetussāntis	tetorentis	aeaellintis	cecacsyntis
2PL	tetussāsces	tetoresces	aeaellisces	cecacsysces
3PL	tetussātis	tetoretis	aeaellitis	cecacsytis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tetussān	nīs tetoren	nīs aeaellin	nīs cecacsyn
2SG	nīs tetussār	nīs tetorer	nīs aeaellir	nīs cecacsyr
3SG.M	nīs tetussām	nīs tetorem	nīs aeaellim	nīs cecacsym
3SG.F	nīs tetussāsi	nīs tetoresi	nīs aeaellisi	nīs cecacsysis
3SG.N	nīs tetussā	nīs tetore	nīs aeaelli	nīs cecacsy
1EX	nīs tetussāmē	nīs tetoremē	nīs aeaellimē	nīs cecacsymē
1IN	nīs tetussānt	nīs tetorent	nīs aeaellint	nīs cecacsynt
2PL	nīs tetussāsce	nīs tetoresce	nīs aeaellisce	nīs cecacsysce
3PL	nīs tetussāt	nīs tetoret	nīs aeaellit	nīs cecacsyt

Preterite

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānnemis	torennemis	aellinnemis	cēnnemis
2SG	tussāvȳs	torevȳs	aellivȳs	cēvȳs
3SG.M	tussāsmis	toresmis	aellismis	cēsmis
3SG.F	tussāstis	torestis	aellistis	cēstis
3SG.N	tussāsos	toresos	aellisos	cēsos
1EX	tussāmeris	toremeris	aellimeris	cēmeris
1IN	tussānteris	torenteris	aellinteris	cēnteris
2PL	tussāsceris	toresceris	aellisceris	cēsceris
3PL	tussāteris	toreteris	aelliteris	cēteris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussānnem	nīs torennem	nīs aellinnem	nīs cēnnem
2SG	nīs tussāvȳ	nīs torevȳ	nīs aellivȳ	nīs cēvȳ
3SG.M	nīs tussāsmi	nīs toresmi	nīs aellismi	nīs cēsmi
3SG.F	nīs tussāsti	nīs toresti	nīs aellisti	nīs cēsti
3SG.N	nīs tussāso	nīs toreso	nīs aelliso	nīs cēso
1EX	nīs tussāmer	nīs toremer	nīs aellimer	nīs cēmer
1IN	nīs tussānter	nīs torenter	nīs aellinter	nīs cēnter
2PL	nīs tussāscer	nīs torescer	nīs aelliscer	nīs cēscer
3PL	nīs tussāter	nīs toreter	nīs aelliter	nīs cēter

Future

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.

Phonological rules for consonant stems:

• m + t > nt
• b, φ, g + t > ct
• cs + t > :st
• θ, δ + t > θθ (or metathesis to ts > ss?)
• d + t > tt
• ȝ + t > ħt

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussātēnis	toretēnis	cāstēnis
2SG	tussātēris	toretēris	cāstēris
3SG.M	tussātēmis	toretēmis	cāstēmis
3SG.F	tussātēsis	toretēsis	cāstēsis
3SG.N	tussātēs	toretēs	cāstēs
1EX	tussātēmēs	toretēmēs	cāstēmēs
1IN	tussātēntis	toretēntis	cāstēntis
2PL	tussātēsces	toretēsces	cāstēsces
3PL	tussātētis	toretētis	cāstētis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	nīs tussātēn	nīs toretēn	nīs cāstēn
2SG	nīs tussātēr	nīs toretēr	nīs cāstēr
3SG.M	nīs tussātēm	nīs toretēm	nīs cāstēm
3SG.F	nīs tussātēsi	nīs toretēsi	nīs cāstēsi
3SG.N	nīs tussātē	nīs toretē	nīs cāstē
1EX	nīs tussātēmē	nīs toretēmē	nīs cāstēmē
1IN	nīs tussātēnt	nīs toretēnt	nīs cāstēnt
2PL	nīs tussātēsce	nīs toretēsce	nīs cāstēsce
3PL	nīs tussātēt	nīs toretēt	nīs cāstēt

Jussive

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānaes	torenaes	cacsynaes
2SG	tussāraes	toreraes	cacsyraes
3SG.M	tussāmioris	toremioris	cacsymioris
3SG.F	tussāsioris	toresioris	cacsysioris
3SG.N	tussoris	torioris	cacsioris
1EX	tussāmaes	toremaes	cacsymaes
1IN	tussāntaes	torentaes	cacsyntaes
2PL	tussāscaes	torescaes	cacsyscaes
3PL	tussātioris	toretioris	cacsytioris

Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative δā):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussānae	δā torenae	δā cacsynae
2SG	δā tussārae	δā torerae	δā cacsyrae
3SG.M	δā tussāmior	δā toremior	δā cacsymior
3SG.F	δā tussāsior	δā toresior	δā cacsysior
3SG.N	δā tussor	δā torior	δā cacsior
1EX	δā tussāmae	δā toremae	δā cacsymae
1IN	δā tussāntae	δā torentae	δā cacsyntae
2PL	δā tussāscae	δā torescae	δā cacsyscae
3PL	δā tussātior	δā toretior	δā cacsytior

Optative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussāedonis	torēdonis	cacsidonis
2SG	tussāedoris	torēdoris	cacsidoris
3SG.M	tussāedomis	torēdomis	cacsidomis
3SG.F	tussāedosis	torēdosis	cacsidosis
3SG.N	tussāedos	torēdos	cacsidos
1EX	tussāedomēs	torēdomēs	cacsidomēs
1IN	tussāedontis	torēdontis	cacsidontis
2PL	tussāedosces	torēdosces	cacsidosces
3PL	tussāedotis	torēdotis	cacsidotis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussāedon	δā torēdon	δā cacsidon
2SG	δā tussāedor	δā torēdor	δā cacsidor
3SG.M	δā tussāedom	δā torēdom	δā cacsidom
3SG.F	δā tussāedosi	δā torēdosi	δā cacsidosi
3SG.N	δā tussāedo	δā torēdo	δā cacsido
1EX	δā tussāedomē	δā torēdomē	δā cacsidomē
1IN	δā tussāedont	δā torēdont	δā cacsidont
2PL	δā tussāedosce	δā torēdosce	δā cacsidosce
3PL	δā tussāedot	δā torēdot	δā cacsidot

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	tussās!	torēs!	aellīs!	cacsys!
1IN	tussāntēs!	torentēs!	aellintēs!	cacsyntēs!
2PL	tussāscēs!	torescēs!	aelliscēs!	cacsyscēs!

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	δā tussā!	δā torē!	δā aellī!	δā cacsy!
1IN	δā tussāntē!	δā torentē!	δā aellintē!	δā cacsyntē!
2PL	δā tussāscē!	δā torescē!	δā aelliscē!	δā cacsyscē!

Non-finite forms

Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.

Infinitives

• Supine: -s
• Verbal noun: -ācos
• Adverbial infintive: -nos

Participles

• Present participle: -gim
• Past participle: -ignym
• Future participle: -tēgim

Derivational morphology

• ar- = on
• as- = telic
• aφor- = through
• φēs- = co-, together

Numbers

• 1: cēmom
• 2: tiθōr
• 3: narge
• 4: δaobe
• 5: salithe
• 6: stāmym
• 7: rōde
• 8: lorede
• 9: barve
• 10: ħiōr
• 11: jācēm
• 12: cnaesā