Roshterian/Proto-Roshterian
Old Roshterian is the reconstructed intermediate stage between Proto-Talmic and Roshterian. It was spoken approximately at the same time Thensarian was spoken.
- stress shift to penultimate (endings have not dropped completely yet)
- yields Modern Roshterian ultimate stress
- Old Irishy allomorphy
- ā > iə
Some words
- φlat-nəm "seed" > Old Roshterian *ḽatnə > laaṉ "child (offspring)"
- tekts "child" > Old Roshterian *tejṱ, tejs- > ṯeit, ṯeis- "child (young human)"
- bonditejṱiə, bondejṱiə, bnejṱiə "child-bearer, child-rearer, babysitter" > breit, breiti- "woman"
- soliθe > OR höḽiṱe "5" > helit, lite-
- kabnənts > OR kabrəṋs "woman" > (lost)
- snuwem "round" > OR nǖ "fat" > ṉii "big"
- mārom "tree" > OR miəro "tree" > miar
- dēdī > dēdii "tears" > ḏeeḏ
- gwaθwā > baṱu "throat" > batu
- nā > ṋiə "I" > nia
- som, sam > hum "he"
- sausmam > hauma "moon" > hoom
- sk, st > ść, st > OR sṱ, st > st, s̱ṯ
- Final -r has been deleted in endings
Phonology
Vowels
a e i o u ə ö ü ā ē ī ō ū ȫ ǖ iə uə aj ej öj uj iw
ȫ > aa in later Roshterian; aa also emerges from CL
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Medial | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | *m | *ṋ | *n | ||||||
| Plosive | voiceless | *p | *ṱ | *t | *k | *q | |||
| voiced | *b | *ḓ | *d | *g | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | *s | *σ | *h | |||||
| voiced | *ζ | *ʁ | |||||||
| Resonant | *w | *ḽ | *l, *r | *y | |||||
Stress
The initial stress in Proto-Talmic had shifted to penultimate by Pre-Roshterian. (becomes ultimate stress in Roshterian after final vowels are deleted)
Morphology
Nouns
Case? Maybe just absolute/construct
| Construct | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| ḽatnai | ḽatnə | hēḽatnə |
Verbs
Verbs have absolute and conjunct stems, much like in Old Irish. With a preverb or an incorporandum (incorporated noun stem), the conjunct form is used.
The process of attaching preverbs such as prepositions to verbs was productive in Proto-Talmic, which then was repurposed for applicatives and for noun incorporation in Old Roshterian [unlike in Thensarian which took a path more akin to IE languages].
The forms came from the following stress pattern:
| preverb | first | ... | penult | final | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute | - | secondary | unstressed | primary | unstressed | |
| Conjunct | secondary | unstressed | unstressed | primary | unstressed |
Handwave: This creates a succession of unstressed syllables in the conjunct form which gets smooshed together in Old Roshterian
Examples:
| Person | tussānis "I pray" (a-stem) |
torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
aellinis "I love" (i-stem) |
cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | tussānis | torenis | aellinis | cacsynis |
| 2SG | tussāris | toreris | aelliris | cacsyris |
| 3SG.M | tussāmis | toremis | aellimis | cacsymis |
| 3SG.F | tussāsis | toresis | aellisis | cacsysis |
| 3SG.N | tussās | tores | aellis | cacsis |
| 1EX | tussāmēs | toremēs | aellimēs | cacsymēs |
| 1IN | tussāntis | torentis | aellintis | cacsyntis |
| 2PL | tussāsces | toresces | aellisces | cacsysces |
| 3PL | tussātis | toretis | aellitis | cacsytis |
Dependent forms (shown with nīs 'not'):
| Person | tussānis "I pray" (a-stem) |
torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
aellinis "I love" (i-stem) |
cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | nīs tussān | nīs toren | nīs aellin | nīs cacsyn |
| 2SG | nīs tussār | nīs torer | nīs aellir | nīs cacsyr |
| 3SG.M | nīs tussām | nīs torem | nīs aellim | nīs cacsym |
| 3SG.F | nīs tussāsi | nīs toresi | nīs aellisi | nīs cacsysi |
| 3SG.N | nīs tussā | nīs tore | nīs aelli | nīs cacsy |
| 1EX | nīs tussāmē | nīs toremē | nīs aellimē | nīs cacsymē |
| 1IN | nīs tussānt | nīs torent | nīs aellint | nīs cacsynt |
| 2PL | nīs tussāsce | nīs toresce | nīs aellisce | nīs cacsysce |
| 3PL | nīs tussāt | nīs toret | nīs aellit | nīs cacsyt |
Pronouns
| Singular | Plural | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | *ṋiə | *iəm |
| 1 + 2 | ??? | |
| 2 | *wēr | ??? |
| 3 (masculine) | *hum | ??? |
| 3 (feminine) | *hī | |
| 3 (inanimate) | *he | |
| 4 (obviative) | *pī | |