Ábḫanni: Difference between revisions

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'''Ábḫanni''' {{ábḫ-ipa|ábḫanni}} is a divergent [[Abhannic languages|Abhannic]] language, and is an isolate within this family, forming its own branch.
'''Ábḫanni''' {{ábḫ-ipa|ábḫanni}} is an [[Abhannic languages|Abhannic]] language, and is an isolate within this family.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 15: Line 15:
===Consonants===
===Consonants===


Ábḫanni has the following consonant phonemes:
Ábḫanni has a rather asymmetric consonant inventory. It consists of the following:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |  
! colspan="2" |  
! Labial
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Labial
! Dental or <br /> alveolar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Dental or <br /> alveolar
! Palatal or <br /> prepalatal
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Palatal or <br /> prepalatal
! Velar
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Velar
! Glottal
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Glottal
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Nasal
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Nasal
| '''m''' <br /> {{IPA|/m/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''m''' <br /> /m/
| '''n''' <br /> {{IPA|/n̪/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''n''' <br /> /n̪/
| '''j''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɲ̟/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''j''' <br /> /ȵ/
|  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|  
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Plosive
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Plosive
! <small>voiceless</small>
| style="text-align: center;" |
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''t''' <br /> /t̪/
| '''t''' <br /> {{IPA|/t̪/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''k''' <br /> /k/
| '''k''' <br /> {{IPA|/k/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | <br /> /ʔ/
|  
|-
|-
! <small>prenasalized</small>
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Fricative
| '''mb''' <br /> {{IPA|/ᵐb/}}
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Unvoiced
| '''nd''' <br /> {{IPA|/ⁿd̪/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''z''' <br /> /θ̱/
| '''ng''' <br /> {{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''s''' <br /> /ɕ/
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''ḫ''' <br /> /x/
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Voiced
! <small>voiceless</small>
| style="text-align: center;" | '''b''' <br /> /β/
|  
| style="text-align: center;" | '''d''' <br /> /ð/
| '''z''' <br /> {{IPA|/θ̱/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''jh''' <br /> /ʑ/
| '''s''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɕ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
| '''ḫ''' <br /> {{IPA|/x/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''h''' <br /> /ɦ/
|
|-
|-
! <small>voiced</small>
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Liquid
| '''b''' <br /> {{IPA|/β/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| '''d''' <br /> {{IPA|/ð/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''r''' <br /> /ɺ/
| '''jh''' <br /> {{IPA|/ʑ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''y''' <br /> /j/
|
| style="text-align: center;" |  
| '''h''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɦ/}}
| style="text-align: center;" |  
|-
! colspan="2" | Liquid
|  
| '''r''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɺ/}}
| '''y''' <br /> {{IPA|/j/}}
|  
|  
|}
|}
'''Notes:'''
*The consonants {{IPA|/n̪/}}, {{IPA|/t̪/}}, {{IPA|/ⁿd̪/}}, and {{IPA|/θ̱/}} are denti-alveolar and laminal; {{IPA|/ð/}} is interdental and apical; and {{IPA|/ɺ/}} is alveolar and apical.
*{{IPA|/n̪/}} never occurs word-initially, where it was replaced at some point by {{IPA|/m/}}. For example, ''míkkar'' 'to rock (back and forth)' has an frequentative ''mbaníkkar'' 'to stumble around' formed by prefix ''mba-''. However, this word-initial {{IPA|/m/}}-{{IPA|/n̪/}} alteration is no longer productive, and hence forms such has ''zoimíkkar'' 'I saw that it rocked' exist when using productive morphology such as the evidential ''zoi-''.
*{{IPA|/n̪/}} becomes {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when preceding {{IPA|/k/}}.
*When ungeminated and preceding a stressed vowel, {{IPA|/ɲ̟/}} becomes the prenasalized voiced plosive {{IPA|[ᶮɟ̟]}}. It is written '''nj''' when geminated.
*{{IPA|/t̪/}} and {{IPA|/k/}} become {{IPA|[d̪]}} and {{IPA|[g]}}, respectively, when not geminated and following {{IPA|/n̪/}}.
*The prenasalized consonants only occur word-initially and are relatively uncommon.
*{{IPA|/ᵑɡ/}} becomes {{IPA|[ŋ]}} when not preceding a stressed or secondarily stressed vowel.
*The unvoiced dental fricative {{IPA|/θ̱/}} is a denti-alveolar nonsibilant fricative, i.e., a non-sibilant version of {{IPA|[s̪]}}.
*The phonemes {{IPA|/θ̱/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ/}} are subject to the assimilaton {{IPA|/ɕVθ̱/}} → {{IPA|/ɕVɕ/}}.
*When geminated, {{IPA|/β/}} becomes {{IPA|[pp]}} and is written '''pp'''.
*The voiced dental fricative {{IPA|/ð/}} is a true interdental fricative. This phoneme is very uncommon and its distribution is highly restricted, occuring only in {{IPA|/aˈðV/}} and  {{IPA|/aˌðV/}} sequences.
*The consonant {{IPA|/ɺ/}} is generally pronounced as a lateral flap. It is subject to the anticipatory dissimilation {{IPA|/ɺVɺ/}} → {{IPA|/nVɺ/}}. Word-finally, this consonant is sometimes weakened to {{IPA|[ɦ]}}.
*The palatal approximant {{IPA|/j/}} has restricted distribution, occuring only sequences of the form {{IPA|/VjV/}} while adjacent to at least one {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|[ɪ̯]}}.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


The vowel system of Ábḫanni is, described minimally, {{IPA|/i e ɔ a/}}, and features length and tone distinctions as well as diphthongs. The full set of vowel phonemes is as follows:
The vowel system of Ábḫanni is, described minimally, as follows:


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |
!
! colspan="2" | Front
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Front
! colspan="2" | Back
! style="font-weight:bold;" | Back or <br /> Central
|-
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
! <small>short</small>
! <small>long</small>
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Close
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Close
| '''i í''' <br /> {{IPA|/i í/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''i''' <br /> /i/
| '''ii íi ií''' <br /> {{IPA|/iː îː ǐː/}}
|
|  
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Mid
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Mid
! <small>pure</small>
| style="text-align: center;" | '''e''' <br /> /e/
| '''e é''' <br /> {{IPA|/e é/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''o''' <br /> /ɔ/
|
| '''o ó''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔ ɔ́/}}
|
|-
! <small>closing</small>
|
| '''ei éi eí''' <br /> {{IPA|/eːɪ̯ êːɪ̯ ěːɪ̯/}}
| '''oi ói''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔɪ̯ ɔ́ɪ̯/}}
| '''ou óu oú''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɔːʊ̯ ɔ̂ːʊ̯ ɔ̌ːʊ̯/}}
|-
! rowspan="2" | Open
! <small>pure</small>
| '''a á''' <br /> {{IPA|/a á/}}
| '''aa áa aá''' <br /> {{IPA|/aː âː ǎː/}}
|
|
|-
|-
! <small>closing</small>
! style="text-align: center; font-weight:bold;" | Open
| '''ai ái''' <br /> {{IPA|/aɪ̯ áɪ̯/}}
|
| '''aai áai aái''' <br /> {{IPA|/aːɪ̯ âːɪ̯ ǎːɪ̯/}}
| style="text-align: center;" | '''a''' <br /> /ä/
| '''ao áo''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɑɔ̯ ɑ́ɔ̯/}}
| '''aao áao aáo''' <br /> {{IPA|/ɑːɔ̯ ɑ̂ːɔ̯ ɑ̌ːɔ̯/}}
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 22:03, 27 April 2020

Ábḫanni
Pronunciation[[ˈáβ.xɐn̪.n̪i]]
Created byThisimpliesthis
SettingTantíyoz
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Ábḫanni [ˈáβ.xɐn̪.n̪i] is an Abhannic language, and is an isolate within this family.

Phonology

Consonants

Ábḫanni has a rather asymmetric consonant inventory. It consists of the following:

Labial Dental or
alveolar 		Palatal or
prepalatal 		Velar Glottal
Nasal m
/m/ 		n
/n̪/ 		j
/ȵ/
Plosive t
/t̪/ 		k
/k/
/ʔ/
Fricative Unvoiced z
/θ̱/ 		s
/ɕ/ 		ḫ
/x/
Voiced b
/β/ 		d
/ð/ 		jh
/ʑ/ 		h
/ɦ/
Liquid r
/ɺ/ 		y
/j/

Vowels

The vowel system of Ábḫanni is, described minimally, as follows:

Front Back or
Central
Close i
/i/
Mid e
/e/ 		o
/ɔ/
Open a
/ä/
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