@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-'''Ouřefr''' /ˈəʊr̝ɛfə/ (''Ouřefŕnie cijtnŕ'' /əʊr̝ɛfəɲeː tsijʔtnɐː/) is an [[Idavic]] language belonging to the Nabŋaic branch. It is inspired by Czech, Dutch, Cantonese, and Japanese (but mainly by the first two). It is the most widely spoken Nabŋaic language and is related to [[Nabbrzé]], which is the Mandarin/Russian counterpart.
+'''Řeuŋnie''' is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, and Cantonese.
-Ouřefr is the international lingua franca in its home world. It is native to the island nation of Ouřefie, where it developed in isolation from other Nabŋaic languages, and is also official in the large continental country of Lo'eďéu, and thus has some accentual variation.
+==todo==
+Oebek oebek chál etjewech 'we have a lot of mountains'
-Unlike Nabbrzé, Ouřefr has more loans from the classical language [[Netagin]], a fellow Idavic language.
+===Words===
+* 1: mál, 2: sep, 3: gej, 4: ádoš, 5: woez, 6: veunt, 7: ilem, 8: leuč, 9: mutj, 10: báj
+* ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold
+* ''čeudj'' 'town'
+* oebek oebek = (ideo) plentiful
+* uistř 'self'
+* uistřeft  'independence'
+* beukĺ 'to repeat on a smaller scale'
+* čétijn 'always'
+* wachop = to approach
+* wach- = near
-==todo==
 ===Diachronics===
 #OSL
 #Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits
 #Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization?
-#Old Ouřefr ć dź ś ź merge into c dz s z
+#Old Řeuŋnie ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z
 #n- > l- (unless assimilating)
 ==Test==
-''Woeŋanies uistřibt melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz woþmyce bacirňr řeunie aš ŋávej těmzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.''
+''Woeŋanies uistřeft melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz wodmyce bacirnje řeunie aš ŋávej tjemzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.''
 ==Phonology==
 "Czech with more vowels and simpler phonotactics" or "Play up the Dutch in Czech"
 ===Consonants===
+{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
-{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|
-! colspan="2" scope="col"|Bilabial
+! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial
-! scope="col"|Dental
 ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar
 ! colspan="2"  scope="col"|Palatal(ized)
 ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar
-! scope="col"|Glottal
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal
 | colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/
-|
 | colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/
-| colspan="2"|'''ň''' /ɲ/
+| colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/
-| colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
+|colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/
-|
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive
 |'''p''' /p/
 |'''b''' /b/
-|
 |'''t''' /t/
 |'''d''' /d/
-|'''ť''' /c/
+|'''tj''' /c/
-|'''ď''' /ɟ/
+|'''dj''' /ɟ/
 |'''k''' /k/
 |
-|''' ' ''' /ʔ/
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative
 |'''f''' /f/
 |'''v''' /v/
-|'''þ''' /θ/
+|'''s, š''' /s/
-|'''s''' /s/
+|'''z, ž''' /z/
-|'''z''' /z/
+| ||
-|colspan="2"|
 |'''ch''' /x/
-|'''g''' /ɣ/
+|'''g''' /{{gh}}/
-|'''h''' /h/
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate
 | colspan="2"|
+|'''c, č''' /ts/
 |
-|'''c''' /ts/
-|'''dz''' /dz/
 | colspan="2"|
 | colspan="2"|
-|
+|-
+! colspan="2" scope="row"|Flap
+| colspan="2"|
+| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/
+| colspan="2"|
+| colspan="2"|
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill
 | colspan="2"|
-|
+| colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r~r̥/
-| colspan="2"|'''r''' /r/
+| colspan="2"|
-| colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r̝/
 | colspan="2"|
-|
 |-
 ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant
-| colspan="2"|'''w''' /w/
+| colspan="2"|'''w''' /(Dutch w)/
-|
 | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/
 | colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/
-| colspan="2"|
+|
 |
 |}
-'''m ŋ''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ŋ́'''.
+'''m n ŋ l''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́ ĺ''' and have the same length as long vowels.
 Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech.
@@ Line 93: / Line 95: @@
 Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination
-/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L possible
+/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible
+In the Oeljanian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular.
-Realizing /c ɟ ɳ/ as [tʲ dʲ nʲ] is a feature of sung Ouřefr.
+In the Oeljanian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''.
 ====Notes on consonant diachronics====
-Like Nabbrzé, Ouřefr shows debuccalization of Proto-Nabŋaic *g to /ɣ/ similar to Dutch and Czech.
+Řeuŋnie shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v'''. /p b g/ are loan phonemes.
-Proto-Nabŋaic *ɬ has shifted to '''þ''' /θ~ð/.
-Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v''' while it stayed as /b/ in Nabbrzé. /p b/ are loan phonemes.
-Proto-Nabŋic *ť ď has shifted to '''c dz'''.
+Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''.
 ===Vowels===
-Ouřefr vowel orthography is more conservative, and reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift.
+The spelling of Řeuŋnie vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Řeuŋnie.
-'''a e/ě i/y o u á é í/ý ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj ɔː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/
+'''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/
 Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/.
-*'''ě i ie í eu''' are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing.
+*'''je i ie í eu''' are palatalizing; all other orthographic vowels are nonpalatalizing.
-**For C = '''b p v f''', '''Cě Ceu Cí''' denote /Cjɛ Cjœː Cjɛɪ/; '''mě meu mij''' denotes /mɲɛ mɲœː mɲɛɪ/.
+**For C = '''b p v f''', '''Cje Ceu Cí''' denote /Cjɛ Cjœː Cjɛɪ/; '''mje meu mij''' denotes /mɲɛ mɲœː mɲɛɪ/.
-**For C = '''d t n''', '''Cě Ci Cie Cí Ceu''' denote /ɟ c ɲ/ + vowel.
+**For C = '''d t n''', '''Cje Ci Cie Cí Ceu''' denote /ɟ c ɲ/ + vowel.
 *'''ó''' mostly occurs in loanwords from [[Netagin]].
 ====Notes on vowel diachronics====
-Ouřefr has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Unlike in Nabbrzé, some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Ouřefr more consonant clusters.
+Řeuŋnie has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Řeuŋnie more consonant clusters.
 Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech.
-Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Ouřefr u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''.
+Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Řeuŋnie u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''.
 Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are:
-*Old Ouřefr /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /r̝œːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Ouřefr ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*rēŋu''.
+*Old Řeuŋnie /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Řeuŋnie ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*renwi''.
-*Old Ouřefr long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
+*Old Řeuŋnie long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/.
 Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords.
 Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/.
-As suggested by the spelling, '''r''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''; they are cognate to Nabbrzé ''-arz/-árz''.
+As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''.
-===Pitch accent===
-Long vowels take two morae; downstep as in Japanese
-*''bác'' (''baàc'') /baꜜ.ats/ 'basil'
+===Downstep===
-*''bác'' (''bàac'') /ba.atsꜜ/ 'feather'
+Řeuŋnie has pitch accent. Non-initial '''h''' (historically /ʕ/, from earlier /g/) is realized as suprasegmental pharyngealization which acts on a syllable level: vowels in affected syllables are lengthened, lowered, and pharyngealized, and the syllable gains a downstep. On the other hand, ''' ' ''' (historically /ʔ/) in the same position would indicate lack of a downstep. For example,
-*''bác'' (''baac'') /ba.ats/ 'stump'
+*Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ''ftoh'' /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ''ftohy'' /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ''ftohta'' (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà].
+*VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ''ksaha'' /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ''ksah'' /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː].
-Accent is not distinguished in the native orthography except in dictionaries; hence all three words above will be transliterated ''bác'', unless disambiguation is needed.
+'''h''' also removes falling components from preceding diphthongs: '''ouh ijh/eih''' are pronounced [œːꜜ ɛːꜜ].
 ===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs===
@@ Line 146: / Line 144: @@
 *hard u ~ soft i
 *hard a ~ soft ě
-*hard ý ~ soft í
+*hard ei ~ soft ij
 *hard á ~ soft ie/eu
 *hard ou ~ soft eu
 *hard ui ~ soft eu
 *hard oe ~ soft ie
-*hard ú ~ soft í
+*hard ú ~ soft ij
 Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn
-==Morphology==
+==Syntax==
-Inflectional morphology is Slavic and Germanic-inspired; clitics and syntax are Japanese-inspired
+Lifted from Korean and Japanese; completely head-final except in poetry.
-===Nouns===
-Ouřefr nouns are classified into two genders: animate and inanimate, and they inflect for case. Similarly to Slavic languages, the case affixes are fusional, encoding both case and number.
-The inflectional cases are as follows. Other grammatical relations are expressed using postpositions and clitics.
+==Poetry==
-*nominative (Japanese ''ga'')
+Piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words.
-*accusative (Japanese ''wo'')
-*genitive (Japanese ''no'')
-*dative (Japanese ''ni'')
-*allative (Japanese ''e'')
-*comitative/"and" (Japanese ''to'')
-*instrumental/locative (Japanese ''de'')
-====Declension classes====
-The declension classes are:
-*''-a'' declension (usually animate)
-*''-e'' declension (usually animate)
-*hard consonant declension (usually inanimate)
-*soft consonant declension (usually inanimate, but default for loans ending in a consonant)
-*Inanimate vowel nouns (default for loans ending in a vowel)
-*''-ŕ'' declension
-*''-ýn/-ín'' declension (adjectival noun)
-*''-é/-ie'' declension (adjectival noun)
-*''-aw/-ui-'' nouns
-There are more declension classes than in related languages such as [[Nabbrzé]]; this is because of vowel changes after soft consonants and subsequent depalatalization.
-===Verbs and adjectives===
+==Sample text==
-''vej-'' for negation; generally like Korean, except verbs also inflect for the animacy of the subject.
+===UDHR===
+''Tkanje beušij na hiečti kfa botsijné vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsijnéc. Beušij na toudžḿnil rachúbinil ze mačijdil sfášijm vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama dŕmi ŋ́ku-teuzimi wášil wecsáš hoezách mienic.''
-Conjugation classes:
-*''-as'' verbs
-*''-is'' verbs
-*''-es''/''-ěs'' verbs
-*''-s'' verbs
-*irregular: "to do" (added to foreign words to verb them)
-*irregular: "to be (copula)"
-*irregular: "to exist"
-===Clitics===
+[[Category:Languages]]
-===Numerals===
+[[Category:Conlangs]]
-===Derivational morphology===
-==Syntax==
-Lifted from Korean and Japanese.
-==Sample text==

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Revision as of 01:40, 28 March 2024