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Řeuŋnie: Difference between revisions
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''' | '''Řeuŋnie''' is an a priori conlang inspired by Czech, Dutch, and Cantonese. | ||
==todo== | |||
Oebek oebek chál etjewech 'we have a lot of mountains' | |||
===Words=== | |||
* 1: mál, 2: sep, 3: gej, 4: ádoš, 5: woez, 6: veunt, 7: ilem, 8: leuč, 9: mutj, 10: báj | |||
* ''euj'' = (literary) lo, behold | |||
* ''čeudj'' 'town' | |||
* oebek oebek = (ideo) plentiful | |||
* uistř 'self' | |||
* uistřeft 'independence' | |||
* beukĺ 'to repeat on a smaller scale' | |||
* čétijn 'always' | |||
* wachop = to approach | |||
* wach- = near | |||
===Diachronics=== | ===Diachronics=== | ||
#OSL | #OSL | ||
#Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits | #Czech-like depalatalization and hard/soft vowel splits | ||
#Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization? | #Palatalization-dependent GVS, then another depalatalization? | ||
#Old | #Old Řeuŋnie ć dź ś ź merge into c z s z | ||
#n- > l- (unless assimilating) | #n- > l- (unless assimilating) | ||
==Test== | ==Test== | ||
''Woeŋanies | ''Woeŋanies uistřeft melouk lo vahrádyvijŋ, ar mezryz wodmyce bacirnje řeunie aš ŋávej tjemzánisie. Evloedr wie doezanejne hář, po ryhoteuŋ.'' | ||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
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! colspan="2" scope="row"| | ! colspan="2" scope="row"| | ||
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial | ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Labial | ||
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar | ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Alveolar | ||
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Palatal(ized) | ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Palatal(ized) | ||
! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar | ! colspan="2" scope="col"|Velar | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Nasal | ||
| colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/ | | colspan="2"|'''m''' /m/ | ||
| colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/ | | colspan="2"|'''n''' /n/ | ||
| colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/ | | colspan="2"|'''nj''' /ɲ/ | ||
|colspan="2"|''' | |colspan="2"|'''ŋ''' /ŋ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Plosive | ||
|'''p''' /p/ | |'''p''' /p/ | ||
|'''b''' /b/ | |'''b''' /b/ | ||
|'''t''' /t/ | |'''t''' /t/ | ||
|'''d''' /d/ | |'''d''' /d/ | ||
| Line 45: | Line 50: | ||
|'''dj''' /ɟ/ | |'''dj''' /ɟ/ | ||
|'''k''' /k/ | |'''k''' /k/ | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Fricative | ||
|'''f''' /f/ | |'''f''' /f/ | ||
|'''v''' /v/ | |'''v''' /v/ | ||
|'''s, š''' /s/ | |'''s, š''' /s/ | ||
|'''z, ž''' /z/ | |'''z, ž''' /z/ | ||
| || | | || | ||
|'''ch''' /x/ | |'''ch''' /x/ | ||
| | |'''g''' /{{gh}}/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Affricate | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
|'''c, č''' /ts/ | |'''c, č''' /ts/ | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Flap | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"|'''r''' /ɾ/ | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
| colspan="2"| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Trill | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan="2"|'''ř''' /r~r̥/ | |||
| colspan="2"|''' | |||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
| colspan="2"| | | colspan="2"| | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant | ! colspan="2" scope="row"|Approximant | ||
| colspan="2"|'''w''' /w/ | | colspan="2"|'''w''' /(Dutch w)/ | ||
| colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/ | | colspan="2"|'''l''' /l~ɫ/ | ||
| colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/ | | colspan="2"|'''j''' /j/ | ||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
'''m n ŋ''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́''' and have the same length as long vowels. | '''m n ŋ l''' can be syllabic; when syllabic they are written '''ḿ ń ŋ́ ĺ''' and have the same length as long vowels. | ||
Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech. | Voiceless stops are unaspirated as in Dutch and Czech. | ||
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Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination | Glottal reinforcement, but no gemination | ||
/l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L possible | /l/ has the same l~ɫ allophony as in RP; vocalization of dark L to [w] possible | ||
In the Oeljanian accent, '''r''' is always a tap [ɾ]. In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''r''' can be uvular. | |||
'''ř''' is pronounced like the Czech ''ř'' | In the Oeljanian accent, '''ř''' is realized as a voiceless trill [r̥] in voiceless environments (word-finally and adjacent to a voiceless consonant). In the Lo'edjeuan accent, '''ř''' is always voiceless [r̥]. In dialects, '''ř''' is variously pronounced like [r̝] (the Czech ''ř''), [ʐ], [ʂ], [ʒ], [ʃ], or [ð], or merges with '''r'''. | ||
====Notes on consonant diachronics==== | ====Notes on consonant diachronics==== | ||
Řeuŋnie shows debuccalization of Proto-Idavic *g to '''h''' /ʕ/; compare Dutch, Czech and Ukrainian. Proto-Nabŋaic *b has shifted to '''v'''. /p b g/ are loan phonemes. | |||
Proto- | Proto-Idavic *ť ď has shifted to '''*č dž''' > '''c z'''. | ||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
The spelling of Řeuŋnie vowels reflects a shift similar to the Great Vowel Shift (cf. Common Czech and Dutch), which also affects loanwords borrowed before the shift, such as most Netagin loans in Řeuŋnie. | |||
'''a e/je i/y o u á é | '''a e/je i/y o u á é ij/ei ó ú eu/ui ie oe ou ŕ''' /ɐ ɛ ɪ ɔ ɵ aː ɛː ɛɪ~ɪj aː yː~ʉː œː ɪː oː~uː əʊ~əʏ ɜː/ | ||
Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/. | Closer allophones [ɪj~eɪ] of /ɛɪ/ are more common after palatals /c ɟ ɲ/. | ||
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====Notes on vowel diachronics==== | ====Notes on vowel diachronics==== | ||
Řeuŋnie has lost Proto-Nabŋaic vowel length. Pre-Proto-Nabŋaic i u e a ī ū ē ā become e o e a i y ě o when not lengthened. Some vowel devoicing has occurred (cf. Japanese), which gave Řeuŋnie more consonant clusters. | |||
Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech. | Long vowels result from open-syllable lengthening (OSL): **čettijn > *četijn; **četijn > *čétijn. OSL occurred before the devoicing, making the Ourefr distribution of long vowels somewhat similar to Czech. | ||
Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old | Modern '''ie ý/í oe ú''' result from older 'ää ý/í ó ú. Old Řeuŋnie u, ú has shifted to i, ij after soft consonants ''j č ž š ň *ľ ř''. | ||
Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are: | Palatalizing '''eu''' /œː/ is common in native words. Common sources are: | ||
*Old | *Old Řeuŋnie /æː/ before velars or /l/: for example, ''řeuŋ'' /rœːŋ/ 'wind' comes from Old Řeuŋnie ''řa̋ŋ'' < PNab ''*rěŋu'' < PId ''*renwi''. | ||
*Old | *Old Řeuŋnie long /juː/, coming from PId /ew/ or /iw/. | ||
Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords. | Non-palatalizing '''ui''' /œː/ comes mostly from historical ''*ujV'' or loanwords. | ||
Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/. | Most speakers today are in the process of merging /ɜː/ into '''á''' /aː/. | ||
As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r | As suggested by the spelling, '''ŕ''' /ɜː/ comes from syllabic ''r''. | ||
''' | ===Downstep=== | ||
Řeuŋnie has pitch accent. Non-initial '''h''' (historically /ʕ/, from earlier /g/) is realized as suprasegmental pharyngealization which acts on a syllable level: vowels in affected syllables are lengthened, lowered, and pharyngealized, and the syllable gains a downstep. On the other hand, ''' ' ''' (historically /ʔ/) in the same position would indicate lack of a downstep. For example, | |||
*Vh# or VhC indicates [+phar]ꜜ: ''ftoh'' /ftoꜜ/ 'riverbank; coast' is read as [ftɔː], but the genitive/dative sg. ''ftohy'' /ftɔˤːꜜɪ/ is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːɪ̀], and ''ftohta'' (instrumental/locative plural) is pronounced [ftɔ̌ːtà]. | |||
*VhV indicates V[+phar]ꜜV: ''ksaha'' /ksaꜜa/ 'stranger' is read as [ksâː], and the genitive sg. ''ksah'' /ksaꜜ/ is pronounced [ksǎː]. | |||
'''h''' also removes falling components from preceding diphthongs: '''ouh ijh/eih''' are pronounced [œːꜜ ɛːꜜ]. | |||
===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs=== | ===Historically hard-soft vowel pairs=== | ||
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*hard u ~ soft i | *hard u ~ soft i | ||
*hard a ~ soft ě | *hard a ~ soft ě | ||
*hard | *hard ei ~ soft ij | ||
*hard á ~ soft ie/eu | *hard á ~ soft ie/eu | ||
*hard ou ~ soft eu | *hard ou ~ soft eu | ||
*hard ui ~ soft eu | *hard ui ~ soft eu | ||
*hard oe ~ soft ie | *hard oe ~ soft ie | ||
*hard ú ~ soft | *hard ú ~ soft ij | ||
Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn | Long vowels result from OSL ćettijn > cetijn; ćetijn > cétijn | ||
== | ==Syntax== | ||
Lifted from Korean and Japanese; completely head-final except in poetry. | |||
==Poetry== | |||
Piyyut-like rhyming (i.e. last syllables agree) is the most common way to rhyme two words. | |||
==Sample text== | ==Sample text== | ||
===UDHR=== | ===UDHR=== | ||
''Tkanje | ''Tkanje beušij na hiečti kfa botsijné vo, oedḿŋo'il ze wakŕvil páčta navŕsijnéc. Beušij na toudžḿnil rachúbinil ze mačijdil sfášijm vo, iezoer oŋužeuv lama dŕmi ŋ́ku-teuzimi wášil wecsáš hoezách mienic.'' | ||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||