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単亜語: Difference between revisions
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| flag =East asian flag.png | | flag =East asian flag.png | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Ruby|単亜語|단아요}} is a zonal auxlang<ref>http://conlangery.com/2013/01/14/conlangery-80-zonal-auxlangs/</ref> intended to be quickly learnable, readily comprehensible, and mutually communicative between persons of the [[w:East Asian cultural sphere|East Asian cultural sphere]]. It has an underlying foundation of Chinese characters for every word, with some glyphs being simplified according to the [[w:Shinjitai|shinjitai (新字体)]] standards of Japan. The Hangǔl alphabet should be presented at the same time whenever possible, and is also used for phonetic transcription. It is not [[w:Tone (linguistics)|tonal]], mostly [[w:Analytic language|analytic]], [[w:Subject–verb–object|SVO]], [[w:Topic-prominent language|topic-prominent]], uses [[w:Classifier (linguistics)|classifiers]], is [[w:Pro-drop language|pro-drop]], [[w:Zero copula|copula-drop]], and uses postpositions. | |||
{{ | |||
== Anthropology == | == Anthropology == | ||
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|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
!Nasals | !Nasals | ||
|''' | |'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|''' | |'''ㄴ ''' <small>/n/</small> | ||
|''' | |'''ㅇ''' <small>/ŋ/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Aspirates | ! Aspirates | ||
|''' | |'''ㅍ''' <small>/pʰ/</small> | ||
|''' | |'''ㅌ''' <small>/tʰ/</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''ㅊ''' <small>/t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/</small> | ||
|''' | |'''ㅋ''' <small>/kʰ/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Voiced | ! Voiced | ||
| ''' | | '''ㅂ''' <small>/b~p/</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''ㄷ''' <small>/d~t/</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''ㅈ''' <small>/dʑ~tɕ/</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''ㄱ''' <small>/g~k/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
!Fricatives | !Fricatives | ||
| | | | ||
| colspan="2" | ''' | | colspan="2" | '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small> | ||
|''' | |'''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Sonorants | ! Sonorants | ||
| | |''w'' <small>/w/</small> | ||
|''' | |'''ㄹ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small> | ||
| | |''y''<small>/j/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency. | (W and Y are archived with special glyphs.) While there is a great deal of consonantal allophony (see below), every language speaker will experience some sounds as difficult, especially in achieving consistency. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! High | ! High | ||
| ''' | | '''이''' <small>/i ~ ɪ/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''우''' <small>/u ~ ɯ/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
| ''' | | '''어''' <small>/e ~ e̞/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
| ''' | | '''오''' <small>/o ~ o̞/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
| colspan="3" | ''' | | colspan="3" | '''아''' <small>/a ~ ä/</small> | ||
|} | |} | ||
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international! | Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others. Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international! | ||
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=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT. The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, | Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT. The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, b, d, g, m, n, or ng.. | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Vocative | ! Vocative | ||
| {{Ruby|哉|재}} | |||
| O | |||
| | | | ||
| | | ya | ||
| yeo | |||
| | |||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| 于 | | 于 | ||
| to | | to | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| 之 | | {{Ruby|之|티}} | ||
| of | | of | ||
| 的 de | | 的 de | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Instrumental | ! Instrumental | ||
| 以 | | {{Ruby|以|이}} | ||
| by | | by | ||
| 用 yòng | | 用 yòng | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| 於 | | {{Ruby|於|오}} | ||
| in, on, at | | in, on, at | ||
| 在 zài | | 在 zài | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Comitative | ! Comitative | ||
| 共 | | 共 | ||
| together with | | together with | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Assoc. Pl. | ! Assoc. Pl. | ||
| 等 | | {{Ruby|等|둥}} | ||
| et. al. | | et. al. | ||
| 們 men | | 們 men | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Perfective | ! Perfective | ||
| 已 | | {{Ruby|已|이}} | ||
| -ed | | -ed | ||
| 了 le | | 了 le | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Progressive | ! Progressive | ||
| 中 | | 中 | ||
| -ing | | -ing | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Subjunctive | ! Subjunctive | ||
| 若 | | 若 | ||
| may | | may | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominalizer | ! Nominalizer | ||
| 物 | | {{Ruby|物|묻}} | ||
| -ed | | -ed | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Adnominalizer | ! Adnominalizer | ||
| 之 | | {{Ruby|之|티}} | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Adverbializer | ! Adverbializer | ||
| 様 | | {{Ruby|様|양}} | ||
| -ly | | -ly | ||
| | | | ||
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! First | ! First | ||
| 我 | | 我 | ||
| | | 我等 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Second | ! Second | ||
| | | 君 | ||
| | | 君等 | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Third | ! Third | ||
| 彼人 | | 彼人 | ||
| | | 彼人等 | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Use | ! Use | ||
|- | |- | ||
| 人 | | {{Ruby|人|닌}} | ||
| people (general) | | people (general) | ||
|- | |- | ||