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単亜語: Difference between revisions

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単亜語 (view source)

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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image = Chopstick Flag.jpg
|image = East Asian flag.jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|imagesize = 250px
|name = East Asian Language
|name = "Simple Asian Language"
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = {{PAGENAME}}
|pronunciation = /tonu.a.o/
|pronunciation = /d̥an.a.jo/
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]
|region = [[w:East Asia|East Asia]]
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|states = [[w:China|China]], [[w:Japan|Japan]], [[w:North_Korea|North Korea]], [[w:South_Korea|South Korea]], [[w:Vietnam|Vietnam]]
Line 28: Line 28:


== Phonology ==
== Phonology ==
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 11 consonants.
{{PAGENAME}} has 5 vowels and 16 consonants.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 700px; text-align: center;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} Consonants'''
|-
|-
! colspan="7"|Consonants
! colspan="5"|Consonants
|-
|-
!
!
!  Labial
!  Labial
!  Dental
!  Alveolar
!  Alveolar
!  Palatal
!  Palatal
!  Velar
!  Velar
!  Glottal
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
!Nasals
!Nasals
Line 47: Line 45:
|
|
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small>
|'''n ''' <small>/n/</small>
|
|'''ng''' <small>/ŋ/</small>
|
|-
|
! Aspirates
|'''p''' <small>/pʰ/</small>
|'''t''' <small>/tʰ/</small>
| '''c''' <small>/t͡ɕʰ~cʰ/</small>
|'''k''' <small>/kʰ/</small>
|-
|-
! Plosives
! Voiced
|'''p''' <small>/p/</small>
| '''b''' <small>/b~p/</small>
|'''t''' <small>/t/</small>
| '''d''' <small>/d~t/</small>
| colspan="2" | '''j''' <small>/ts ~ tɕ ~ c/</small>
| '''j''' <small>/dʑ~tɕ/</small>
|'''k''' <small>/k/</small>
| '''g''' <small>/g~k/</small>
|
|-
|-
!Fricatives
!Fricatives
|
|
|
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| colspan="2" | '''s''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small>
| colspan="3" |'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
|'''h''' <small>/h ~ ɦ ~ x/</small>
|-
|-
! Liquids
! Sonorants
|
|'''w'''<small>/w/</small>
|
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|'''l''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small>
|
|'''y'''<small>/j/</small>
|
|
|-
! Approximants
| '''w''' <small>/w/</small>
|
|
| '''y''' <small>/j/</small>
|
|
|
|}
|}
Line 108: Line 98:
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others.  Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!
Again, a great deal of tolerance is required when listening to others.  Non-Mandarin speakers will have the hardest time being patient with Chinese vowels, but accents are part of being international!


<!--
un
pun
tun
jun
kun
mun
nun
sun
hun
lun
yun
//-->


=== Phonotactics ===
=== Phonotactics ===
The three allowable syllable structures are V, CV, Cya, and CVn.  There are gaps in all these series, and allophony.
Maximally, a Dan'a'yo syllable consists of an ONSET consonant, an ON-GLIDE, a VOWEL, and an OFF-GLIDE or CODA CONSONANT.  The ONSET can be ø or any consonant except ŋ, the ON-GLIDE can be ø, y, or w, the VOWEL must exist, and the CODA CONSONANT can be ø, y, w, p, t, k, m, n, or ng..
 
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 350px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Simple Syllables
|-
! ø
| ア <br /> '''a''' <br /> <small>/a/</small>
| エ <br /> '''e''' <br /> <small>/e ~ je ~ ə/</small>
| イ <br /> '''i''' <br /> <small>/i ~ ji/</small>
| オ <br /> '''o''' <br /> <small>/o ~ wo/</small>
| ウ <br /> '''u''' <br /> <small>/u ~ wu/</small>
|-
! p
| パ <br /> '''pa''' || ペ <br /> '''pe''' || ピ <br /> '''pi''' || ポ <br /> '''po''' || プ <br /> '''pu'''
|-
! t
| タ <br /> '''ta''' || テ <br /> '''te''' || チ <br /> '''ti''' || ト <br /> '''to''' || ツ <br /> '''tu'''
|-
! j
|  チャ <br /> '''ja''' || チェ <br /> '''je''' || チィ <br /> '''ji''' || チョ <br /> '''jo''' || チュ <br /> '''ju'''
|-
! k
| カ <br /> '''ka''' || ケ <br /> '''ke''' || キ <br /> '''ki''' || コ <br /> '''ko''' || ク <br /> '''ku'''
|-
! m
| マ <br /> '''ma''' || メ <br /> '''me''' || ミ <br /> '''mi''' || モ <br /> '''mo''' || ム <br /> '''mu'''
|-
! n
| ナ <br /> '''na''' || ネ <br /> '''ne''' || ニ <br /> '''ni''' || ノ <br /> '''no''' || ヌ <br /> '''nu'''
|-
! s
| サ <br /> '''sa''' || セ <br /> '''se''' || シ <br /> '''si''' <br /> <small>/si ~ ɕi/</small> || ソ <br /> '''so''' || ス <br /> '''su'''
|-
! h
| ハ <br /> '''ha''' || ヘ <br /> '''he''' || ヒ <br /> '''hi''' || ホ <br /> '''ho''' || フ <br /> '''hu'''
|-
! l
| ラ <br /> '''la''' || レ <br /> '''le''' || リ <br /> '''li''' || ロ <br /> '''lo''' || ル <br /> '''lu'''
|-
! w
| ワ <br /> '''wa''' <br /> <small>/wa ~ ʋa ~ va/</small>
| ヱ <br /> '''we''' <br /> <small>/we ~ wej/</small>
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ヤ <br /> '''ya'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ヨ <br /> '''yo''' <br /> <small>/jo ~ joʊ̯/</small>
| ユ <br /> '''yu'''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 210px; text-align: center; float:left; "
|-
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)
|-
!
! a
! e
! i
! o
! u
|-
! ø
| 아
| 에
| 이
| 오
| 우
|-
! p
| 바 || 베 || 비 || 보 || 부
|-
! t
| 다 || 데 || 디 || 도 || 두
|-
! j
| 자 || 제 || 지 || 조 || 주
|-
! k
| 가 || 게 || 기|| 고|| 구
|-
! m
| 마 || 메 || 미 || 모 || 무
|-
! n
| 나 || 네 || 니 || 노 || 누
|-
! s
| 사 || 세 || 시 || 소 || 수
|-
! h
| 하 || 헤|| 히 || 호 || 후
|-
! l
| 라 || 레 || 리 || 로 || 루
|-
! w
| 와
| 웨
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| 야
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 요
| 유
|}


<br clear="both" />


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 300px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Complex Syllables
|-
!
! an
! en
! in
! un
! ya
|-
! ø
| アン <br /> '''an'''
| エン <br /> '''en'''
| イン <br /> '''in'''
| ウン <br /> '''un'''
|
|-
! p
| パン <br /> '''pan'''
| ペン <br /> '''pen'''
| ピン <br /> '''pin'''
| プン <br /> '''pun'''
| ピャ <br /> '''pya'''
|-
! t
| タン <br /> '''tan'''
| テン <br /> '''ten'''
| チン <br /> '''tin'''
| ツン <br /> '''tun'''
|
|-
! j
| チャン <br /> '''jan'''
| チェン <br /> '''jen'''
| チィン <br /> '''jin'''
| チュン <br /> '''jun'''
|
|-
! k
| カン <br /> '''kan'''
| ケン <br /> '''ken'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| クン <br /> '''kun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! m
| マン <br /> '''man'''
| メン <br /> '''men'''
| ミン <br /> '''min'''
| ムン <br /> '''mun'''
| ミャ <br /> '''mya'''
|-
! n
| ナン <br /> '''nan'''
| ネン <br /> '''nen'''
| ニン <br /> '''nin'''
| ヌン <br /> '''nun'''
| ニャ <br /> '''nya'''
|-
! s
| サン <br /> '''san'''
| セン <br /> '''sen''' <br /> <small>/sen ~ ɕen/</small>
| シン <br /> '''sin'''
| スン <br /> '''sun'''
| シャ <br /> '''sya''' <br /> <small>/sja ~ ɕa/</small>
|-
! h
| ハン <br /> '''han'''
| ヘン <br /> '''hen'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| フン <br /> '''hun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! l
| ラン <br /> '''lan'''
| レン <br /> '''len'''
| リン <br /> '''lin'''
| ルン <br /> '''lun'''
| リャ <br /> '''lya'''
|-
! w
| ワン <br /> '''wan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| ヤン <br /> '''yan'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| ユン <br /> '''yun'''
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="margin-left:20px; width: 168px; text-align: center; float: left"
|-
! colspan="6" | Hangŭl (for reference)
|-
!
! an
! en
! in
! un
! ya
|-
! ø
| 안
| 엔
| 인
| 운
|
|-
! p
| 반
| 벤
| 빈
| 분
| 뱌
|-
! t
| 단
| 덴
| 딘
| 둔
|
|-
! j
| 잔
| 젠
| 진
| 준
|
|-
! k
| 간
| 겐
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 군
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! m
| 만
| 멘
| 민
| 문
| 먀
|-
! n
| 난
| 넨
| 닌
| 눈
| 냐
|-
! s
| 산
| 센
| 신
| 순
| 샤
|-
! h
| 한
| 헨
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 훈
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! l
| 란
| 렌
| 린
| 룬
| 랴
|-
! w
| 완
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|-
! y
| 얀
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| style="background:lightgray;" |
| 윤
| style="background:lightgray;" |
|}
<br clear="both" />
The complex syllables of {{PAGENAME}} are clearly much more limited.
=== Derivation ===
Middle Chinese (MC) had much more complex syllables than were possible in any of the language influenced by it.  {{PAGENAME}} tries to be equal to CJKV languages by taking an average derivational position.  First, it considers the initial consonant in MC
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ Correspondences of initial consonants
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |  Middle Chinese
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Vietnamese
! rowspan="2" | Sino-Korean
! colspan="3" | Sino-Japanese
! rowspan="2" | Mandarin
! rowspan="2" | Cantonese
! rowspan="2" | {{PAGENAME}}
|-
! Go-on !! Kan-on !! Tōsō-on
|-
! rowspan="4" | Labials
| 幫 p || p > b || rowspan="3" | p/pʰ || rowspan="2" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h || rowspan="3" | ɸ > h
| p/f || p/f
! rowspan="3" | p
|-
| 滂 pʰ || pʰ
| pʰ/f || pʰ/f
|-
| 並 b || b
| b > b/ph/v
| pʰ/p/f || pʰ/p/f
|-
| 明 m || m > m/v || m || m || b<ref>Yields ''m-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''.</ref> || m
| m/w || m
! m
|-
! rowspan="5" | Dentals
| 端 t || t > đ || rowspan="3" | t/tʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="3" | t
| t || t
! rowspan="3" | t
|-
| 透 tʰ || tʰ > th
| tʰ || tʰ
|-
| 定 d || d > đ || d
| tʰ/d || tʰ/d
|-
| 泥 n || n || n || n || d<ref>Yields ''n-'' in syllables ending in original ''-ng''</ref> || n
| n || n~l
! n
|-
| 來 l || l || l || r || r || r
| l || l
! l
|-
! Retroflex nasal
| 娘 ɳ
| n || n~ø || n  || d ||
| n || n~l
! ny
|-
! rowspan="3" | Retroflex stops
| 知 ʈ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="6" | tʰ/tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | t || rowspan="3" | t || rowspan="17" | s
| tʂ || ts
! rowspan="3" | t
|-
| 徹 ʈʰ || ʂ > s
| tʂʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 澄 ɖ || ɖ > tr || d
| tʂʰ, tʂ || tsʰ, ts
|-
! rowspan="6" | Dental sibilants
| 精 ts || s > t || rowspan="2" | s || rowspan="14" | s
| ts, tɕ || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 清 tsʰ || ɕ > th
| tsʰ, tɕʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 從 dz || rowspan="3" | s > t || z
| tsʰ, tɕʰ, ts, tɕ || tsʰ, ts
|-
| 心 s || rowspan="3" | s || s
| s || s
! rowspan="2" | s
|-
| 邪 z || z
| tsʰ, ts || z, ʑ
|-
| 俟 ʐ
| s || z
| tʂʰ, s || tsʰ, ts
! sy
|-
! rowspan="4" | Retroflex sibilants
| 莊 tʂ || ʈ > tr || rowspan="3" | tɕ/tɕʰ || rowspan="2" | s
| tʂ, ts || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 初 tʂʰ || rowspan="3" | ʂ > s
| tʂʰ, tsʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 崇 dʐ || z
| tʂʰ, tsʰ, tʂ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s
|-
| 生 ʂ || s || rowspan="3" | s
| ʂ, s || s
! sy
|-
! rowspan="7" | Palatals
| 章 tɕ || c > ch || rowspan="2" | tɕ/tɕʰ
| tʂ || ts
! rowspan="3" | j
|-
| 昌 tɕʰ || tʃ > x
| tʂʰ || tsʰ
|-
| 禪 dʑ || rowspan="3" | ɕ > th || rowspan="3" | s || z
| tʂʰ, ʂ || tsʰ, ts, s
|-
| 書 ɕ || s || ʂ || s
! rowspan="2" | sy
|-
| 船 ʑ || z || s ||
| tʂʰ, ʂ || s
|-
| 日 ny || ɲ > nh || z > ∅ || n || z || z || ɻ, ʔ || j
! ny
|-
| 以 j
| d || ø || j || j ||
| j, w~ʋ || j, w
! y
|-
! rowspan="4" | Velars
| 見 k || k > c/g || rowspan="2" | k/h || rowspan="2" | k || rowspan="3" | k || rowspan="3" | k
| k, tɕ || k, kʷ
! rowspan="3" | k
|-
| 溪 kʰ || kʰ > kh
| kʰ, tɕʰ || h, f, kʰ, kʰʷ
|-
| 群 g || ɡ > c || k || rowspan="2" | g
| kʰ, tɕʰ, k, tɕ || kʰ, kʰʷ, k, kʷ
|-
| 疑 ŋ || ŋ > ng || h || g || g
| ʔ~ɰ, j, w~ʋ, n || ŋ, ʔ, j
! rowspan="2" | ø
|-
! rowspan="4" | Laryngeals
| 影 ʔ || ʔ > y || ∅ || ∅ || ∅ || rowspan="3" | ∅
| ʔ, j, w~ʋ || ʔ, j, w
|-
| 曉 h || rowspan="2" | h || rowspan="2" | h || k || rowspan="2" | k
| x, ɕ || h, f, j
! rowspan="2" | h
|-
| 匣 ɦ || ɣ > g/w
| x, ɕ || h, w
|-
| 云 ɦj
| v, h || ø || j || j ||
| j, w~ʋ ||  j, w
! ø
|}


== Syntax ==
== Syntax ==
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.  {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]].  Like most Asian languages, {{PAGENAME}} has several verbs corresponding to European "is": 乃 ''nai'' is 'to be equal', 有 ''yu'' means 'to have', and 在 ''jai'' means 'to exist' or 'to be at'.  Only 乃 ''nai'' may be dropped, and it usually is.
Like Chinese and Vietnamese (and unlike Japanese and Korean), {{PAGENAME}} is SVO, subject-verb-object. The subject of an intransitive verb and the actor of transitive verb come before early in the sentence, and the accusative argument must come after the verb.  There are no particles to mark subject or object.  {{PAGENAME}} tries to have the verb be second-to-last, comparable but backwards to the Germanic [[w:V2 word order|V2 word order]].   


In the East Asian style, {{PAGENAME}} is very topic-prominent.  The topic is marked with the postposition ヘ ''he'', derived from 兮 ''hei''.  Typically, if present, it will come first in the sentence.  The dative argument may be unmarked, if easily discernible from context, but is more often marked with the postposition ウ ''u'', derived from 于 ''yu''.  A genitive relationship is 之 ''ji'' which is not written in katakana most of the time.
To be added
; 由 : from
; 至 : until
; 似 : like


{| class="bluetable"
{| class="bluetable"
! Relationship
! Relationship
! Particle
! Particle
! Etymology
! English
! English
! Mandarin
! Mandarin
Line 622: Line 119:
|-
|-
! Topic
! Topic
| ヘ ''he''
|  
| 兮 ''hei''
| as for
| as for
| -
| -
Line 634: Line 130:
|
|
| 哉 ''jai''
| 哉 ''jai''
|
|
|
|
|
Line 642: Line 137:
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| ウ ''u''
|  
| 于 ''yu''
| 于
| to
| to
| -
| -
Line 652: Line 147:
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
|
| 之 ''ji''
| 之 ''ji''
| of
| of
Line 662: Line 156:
|-
|-
! Instrumental
! Instrumental
| イ ''i''
| 以 ''i''
| 以 ''i''
| by
| by
Line 672: Line 165:
|-
|-
! Locative
! Locative
| オ ''o''
| 於 ''o''
| 於 ''o''
| in, on, at
| in, on, at
Line 682: Line 174:
|-
|-
! Comitative
! Comitative
| コ ''ko''
| 共 ''kou''
| 共 ''konu''
| together with
| together with
|
|
Line 692: Line 183:
|-
|-
! Assoc. Pl.
! Assoc. Pl.
| ト ''to''
| 等 ''tonu''
| 等 ''tonu''
| et. al.
| et. al.
Line 704: Line 194:
|-
|-
! Perfective  
! Perfective  
| リ ''li''
| 已 ''i''
| 已 ''i''
| -ed
| -ed
Line 714: Line 203:
|-
|-
! Progressive
! Progressive
| ツ ''tu''
| 中 ''tung''
| 中 ''tunu''
| -ing
| -ing
|
|
Line 724: Line 212:
|-
|-
! Subjunctive
! Subjunctive
| ''nya''
|  若 ''nyak''
|  若 ''nyaku''
| may
| may
|
|
Line 734: Line 221:
|-
|-
! Nominalizer
! Nominalizer
| ム ''mu''
| 物  ''mut''
| 物  ''mutu''
| -ed
| -ed
|-
|-
! Nominalizer
! Nominalizer
| シ ''si''
| 事 ''ji''
| 事 ''ji''
| -ing
| -ing
Line 749: Line 234:
|-
|-
! Adnominalizer
! Adnominalizer
| チ ''ti''
| 之 ''ji''
| 之 ''ji''
|
|
Line 759: Line 243:
|-
|-
! Adverbializer
! Adverbializer
| ヤ ''ya''
| 様 ''yang''
| 様 ''yanu''
| -ly
| -ly
|
|
Line 771: Line 254:
|-
|-
! NP And
! NP And
| ヨ ''yo''
| 与 ''o''
| 与 ''o''
| and
| and
Line 781: Line 263:
|-
|-
! VP And
! VP And
| ニ ''ni''
| 而 ''ni''
| 而 ''ni''
| and
| and
Line 793: Line 274:
===Sentence Final Particles===
===Sentence Final Particles===


* フ ''hu'', derived from 乎 ''huo'', forms polar questions at the end of an utterance.


=== Pronouns ===
=== Pronouns ===
Line 803: Line 283:
! rowspan="3" |Casual
! rowspan="3" |Casual
! First
! First
| 我 ''a''
| 我  
| 我ト ''ato''
| 我ト  
|-
! Second
| 汝 ''no''
| 汝ト ''noto''
|-
! Third
| 彼人 ''pinin''
| 彼人ト ''pininto''
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="margin-left:20px; text-align: left; float:left; "
! colspan="2" |
! Singular
! Plural
|-
! rowspan="3" |Polite
! First
| One's given name
| One's given name-ト ''-to''
|-
|-
! Second
! Second
| 君 ''kun''
| 汝
| 君ト ''kunto''
| 汝ト
|-
|-
! Third
! Third
| One's surname
| 彼人
| One's surname-ト ''-to''
| 彼人ト
|}
|}


Line 1,033: Line 494:


== Lexica ==
== Lexica ==
* [[Tonuao/Hanji]] - Character list based on the 1800 list of hanja for Koreans and 2136 list of kanji for Japanese
Dan'a'yo forcibly limits the number of Chinese characters which can be used to around 2,000.  Each character is like a letter and may or may not be a word on its own.  Characters which are not words have a two-character word which is deemed to be the same as the solo character.  Every character (in theory, all 45,000 Chinese characters which have every been used) is assigned to one of _ categories: Common, Advanced, Name, Illegal, and Alternate.  Alternates are unacceptable versions of legitimate character.  Illegal characters can never be used at all.  Name characters are supposed to be used only in Proper Names.  Advanced character should only be used after the are introduced and defined.  Common characters are grouped by levels, to help aide learning.
 
=== Grade 1 ===
一, 七, 万, 三, 上, 下, 与, 世, 両, 中, 主, 之, 九, 事, 二, 于, 五, 交, 人, 今, 他, 休, 会, 住, 何, 作, 使, 元, 先, 入, 全, 八, 六, 内, 冬, 出, 刀, 分, 前, 力, 動, 北, 十, 千, 午, 半, 南, 友, 口, 右, 号, 名, 向, 君, 和, 哉, 問, 四, 回, 国, 圓, 土, 地, 場, 声, 売, 夏, 外, 多, 夜, 大, 天, 太, 女, 妹, 姉, 子, 字, 学, 家, 宿, 対, 小, 少, 山, 左, 已, 市, 年, 幸, 度, 庭, 弟, 当, 彼, 後, 心, 思, 急, 想, 意, 所, 手, 才, 打, 持, 指, 放, 教, 数, 文, 新, 於, 族, 日, 早, 明, 春, 晴, 書, 月, 有, 朝, 木, 本, 村, 東, 林, 某, 校, 根, 森, 業, 橋, 次, 歌, 正, 死, 母, 毎, 毛, 気, 水, 注, 活, 流, 海, 深, 湖, 漢, 火, 灯, 点, 父, 牛, 犬, 玉, 王, 生, 用, 田, 男, 画, 病, 発, 白, 百, 皆, 目, 相, 真, 着, 知, 短, 石, 研, 秋, 究, 空, 立, 章, 竹, 第, 筆, 等, 算, 米, 糸, 紙, 細, 緑, 羊, 習, 耳, 肉, 育, 船, 花, 苦, 草, 薬, 虫, 行, 表, 西, 見, 記, 話, 語, 読, 談, 買, 走, 起, 足, 路, 車, 軽, 農, 近, 送, 通, 進, 道, 遠, 都, 酒, 里, 重, 金, 長, 門, 開, 間, 集, 雨, 雪, 雲, 電, 青, 音, 頗, 頭, 顔, 風, 馬, 高, 魚, 黄, 黒
 
=== Grade 2 ===
不, 久, 乎, 乗, 争, 京, 代, 以, 伝, 位, 低, 例, 便, 信, 個, 借, 停, 備, 億, 兄, 光, 児, 公, 共, 兵, 典, 再, 冷, 列, 初, 別, 利, 功, 加, 労, 勇, 勝, 化, 医, 単, 印, 危, 収, 取, 古, 句, 各, 合, 同, 告, 唱, 図, 固, 在, 坐, 城, 基, 堂, 報, 増, 士, 変, 失, 好, 守, 完, 官, 定, 室, 害, 察, 将, 就, 屋, 展, 岩, 島, 己, 布, 希, 席, 帰, 常, 干, 平, 広, 店, 建, 弓, 引, 弱, 強, 形, 往, 待, 従, 得, 忘, 快, 念, 悲, 情, 愛, 成, 我, 戦, 戸, 技, 投, 挙, 接, 推, 支, 改, 政, 故, 救, 敗, 散, 料, 方, 旧, 昨, 時, 晩, 暑, 暖, 暗, 最, 望, 期, 未, 来, 松, 果, 栄, 案, 植, 極, 楽, 樹, 止, 此, 歩, 歴, 殺, 比, 民, 氷, 永, 求, 決, 河, 油, 治, 洗, 浅, 清, 満, 漁, 無, 然, 熱, 爾, 片, 物, 特, 現, 理, 産, 由, 留, 番, 登, 的, 皮, 直, 省, 看, 破, 示, 祖, 祝, 神, 科, 移, 種, 窓, 童, 競, 笑, 答, 節, 約, 紅, 終, 給, 続, 線, 練, 美, 義, 老, 考, 聞, 能, 脚, 自, 興, 舎, 良, 色, 芸, 英, 莫, 菜, 落, 葉, 血, 街, 衣, 要, 親, 観, 角, 計, 訪, 設, 試, 詩, 誤, 説, 課, 調, 講, 謝, 議, 谷, 豆, 豊, 貨, 責, 貴, 赤, 身, 軍, 追, 退, 速, 連, 運, 過, 達, 適, 選, 部, 野, 量, 鉄, 銀, 銭, 関, 難, 静, 非, 面, 順, 題, 願, 類, 飛, 飯, 養, 首, 鳥, 鳴, 麦, 鼻
 
=== Grade 3 ===
丁, 且, 丙, 乙, 也, 乾, 井, 令, 仮, 但, 体, 余, 佛, 佳, 価, 係, 俗, 保, 修, 倍, 偉, 傷, 充, 其, 冊, 写, 凡, 凶, 判, 到, 則, 助, 効, 勉, 務, 勢, 勤, 勧, 匹, 協, 即, 卵, 厚, 原, 厳, 又, 及, 反, 叔, 受, 只, 可, 吹, 味, 呼, 命, 哀, 品, 商, 喪, 困, 園, 均, 執, 堅, 墨, 壮, 夕, 如, 妻, 始, 姓, 威, 婚, 婦, 存, 季, 孫, 宅, 宇, 安, 宗, 宙, 実, 客, 容, 密, 富, 寒, 寸, 寺, 寿, 射, 尚, 尤, 尺, 尽, 局, 居, 崇, 川, 工, 巨, 巻, 帝, 幾, 序, 式, 張, 律, 徒, 復, 徳, 必, 忍, 忙, 応, 忠, 怒, 性, 恨, 息, 悟, 患, 悦, 悪, 惜, 愁, 感, 慶, 憶, 房, 扶, 承, 抱, 招, 拝, 拾, 授, 採, 探, 揚, 敢, 整, 敵, 斗, 旅, 既, 易, 星, 是, 昼, 暴, 曲, 更, 曽, 朋, 服, 末, 朴, 杯, 柔, 柳, 栽, 様, 権, 歓, 武, 歯, 歳, 氏, 江, 沖, 波, 泳, 洋, 洞, 浄, 浪, 浮, 浴, 涼, 混, 渇, 減, 湯, 潔, 為, 烈, 煙, 猶, 球, 瓦, 甘, 甚, 甲, 申, 界, 異, 皇, 益, 盛, 眠, 眼, 礼, 福, 秀, 私, 税, 穀, 端, 篇, 精, 純, 素, 経, 結, 統, 絶, 罪, 羽, 者, 聖, 聴, 胸, 脱, 致, 舌, 舞, 若, 茶, 華, 虎, 製, 解, 言, 許, 証, 認, 誠, 請, 論, 譲, 貝, 負, 賀, 賞, 質, 迎, 造, 遇, 遊, 遺, 郷, 針, 鐘, 閉, 閑, 防, 降, 限, 除, 陰, 陽, 雄, 霜, 露, 革, 頂, 須, 領, 食, 飲, 館, 香, 驚, 鮮, 鶏
 
=== Advanced ===
卜, 仇, 勾, 丐, 忽, 冗, 夭, 厄, 禾, 呻, 孕, 叱, 丼, 矛, 囚, 臼, 亦, 伎, 扱, 肛, 佔, 旱, 芯, 吻, 吼, 亨, 忌, 巫, 坊, 沌, 呆, 杆, 沫, 苛, 狙, 枢, 呪, 妬, 宛, 劾, 帖, 祀, 旺, 斧, 妾, 泄, 昌, 炒, 枝, 呵, 艾, 坦, 爬, 乖, 祉, 姪, 珀, 卸, 姨, 郎, 珊, 殆, 哇, 咳, 扁, 軌, 弧, 耶, 柵, 弯, 拷, 叛, 迥, 剌, 洒, 哄, 俄, 津, 按, 俐, 捌, 恕, 耗, 浜, 玆, 匿, 站, 浬, 訊, 挽, 栓, 俳, 閃, 胴, 娩, 俵, 夷, 桁, 哨, 浩, 捏, 宵, 套, 挫, 畔, 俸, 朕, 倣, 窄, 逝, 淑, 斎, 勒, 渚, 焉, 兜, 掠, 毫, 措, 舷, 訛, 猜, 婢, 萎, 掻, 逗, 唵, 淋, 鱗, 聊, 羞, 唖, 堵, 匙, 桶, 蛋, 啄, 勘, 捧, 喋, 湾, 棚, 硯, 婿, 筒, 敦, 閏, 喘, 粟, 粥, 逼, 隅, 徨, 脹, 棟, 智, 堤, 跑, 甥, 詔, 祷, 扉, 楷, 羨, 賎, 詰, 頌, 睦, 瑚, 酩, 愈, 肆, 詣, 睛, 愧, 奨, 碍, 溜, 嗣, 馳, 跨, 虜, 塑, 頓, 膣, 摒, 嫡, 瘍, 塾, 暢, 碧, 槍, 鳳, 綻, 慙, 萌, 裳, 誦, 劃, 滲, 愨, 腿, 漱, 塵, 魂, 嫩, 遥, 鬧, 寮, 憬, 憫, 戮, 摯, 廟, 撒, 蔬, 潰, 餌, 皺, 撮, 碼, 慧, 諒, 勲, 罷, 幟, 嘲, 誼, 噸, 墾, 憾, 鋸, 緯, 諧, 膳, 錮, 謂, 諮, 餐, 錘, 諭, 憐, 壅, 錦, 諦, 憩, 諱, 臆, 擬, 輿, 繍, 鍬, 燭, 蔔, 癇, 礁, 聯, 瞥, 鍾, 螺, 癌, 瀑, 闖, 叢, 襟, 鎌, 璧, 蹲, 繰, 覇, 璽, 襪, 囊, 蘿
 
=== Naming ===
巳, 兀, 壬, 刈, 巴, 亢, 尹, 仄, 廿, 什, 曰, 歹, 仍, 弘, 卉, 卯, 戊, 汀, 仔, 疋, 乍, 叭, 弗, 瓜, 尼, 牟, 朴, 戍, 圭, 肋, 旭, 汎, 芝, 丞, 匈, 朶, 芋, 伊, 伍, 卍, 亥, 尖, 艮, 戌, 曳, 杏, 阮, 佑, 伶, 汪, 佃, 舛, 牡, 呂, 些, 戻, 劫, 芭, 杉, 伽, 灼, 李, 兎, 呉, 甫, 汲, 壱, 祁, 吞, 辰, 囧, 罔, 狐, 邸, 抛, 侃, 虱, 尭, 阜, 昊, 孟, 竺, 祇, 坪, 奄, 坤, 刮, 邱, 宕, 沓, 侑, 姑, 岬, 邵, 岡, 珈, 孩, 哈, 侠, 頁, 勅, 姚, 柑, 柿, 珉, 娃, 殃, 姥, 郁, 柏, 洲, 胡, 栃, 祐, 拶, 胤, 垓, 韋, 珂, 咸, 柴, 禹, 兪, 姜, 彦, 洛, 朔, 蚤, 豹, 栗, 郝, 烏, 狸, 桓, 哥, 桧, 秦, 胰, 衲, 芻, 唉, 恣, 隼, 陛, 挨, 豈, 桂, 玖, 挺, 姫, 桟, 酎, 俺, 釘, 奚, 拿, 蚊, 俯, 祢, 唐, 袁, 釧, 猪, 捺, 崙, 淵, 鹵, 苹, 這, 盒, 苑, 寅, 甜, 梁, 堀, 曼, 雀, 埼, 晨, 曹, 萄, 苟, 翌, 亀, 崔, 淳, 卿, 琶, 凱, 蛞, 腔, 棗, 茫, 雁, 犂, 跌, 欽, 弼, 遁, 嵐, 厥, 巽, 壷, 飧, 塚, 茨, 猩, 舜, 喬, 閔, 覃, 彭, 鄂, 椎, 馮, 貂, 臍, 琵, 湊, 斯, 媛, 茸, 鈩, 傅, 蛙, 虞, 搾, 煎, 裾, 蛾, 牒, 鄒, 㐮, 賈, 椰, 鼎, 煤, 媽, 蜀, 猿, 鉤, 楠, 嫁, 祿, 葛, 鼠, 楊, 碁, 爺, 楚, 楕, 閨, 裴, 嘗, 甄, 鳶, 慷, 蕉, 禎, 熊, 菅, 僕, 銑, 蔡, 趙, 蝋, 廖, 聡, 瑠, 踝, 箕, 廠, 蝉, 黎, 蝓, 醇, 蝸, 劉, 撇, 魯, 稼, 鴎, 撞, 駕, 蝦, 餃, 嬉, 熬, 駒, 凜, 葡, 豎, 鋒, 畿, 靠, 潘, 蝶, 錫, 錆, 蒙, 蹄, 鮎, 橘, 薪, 踵, 錐, 璣, 蕭, 燕, 薛, 駱, 閻, 橐, 醍, 叡, 諡, 盧, 頤, 螂, 嬢, 牆, 謄, 鮫, 磯, 儧, 檗, 鞠, 檀, 幇, 霞, 醤, 擡, 蒋, 膿, 蟄, 鴻, 鮟, 嶺, 鵝, 攄, 鯉, 藤, 藩, 魏, 鎬, 麒, 麓, 龐, 藻, 瀧, 鵰, 繋, 鯛, 蟹, 鯨, 譚, 襖, 隴, 鰌, 鰐, 朧, 籃, 鶴, 蠣, 纏, 齦, 灌, 轟, 蘇, 穣, 鱇, 灘, 龔, 麟, 鷺, 欒, 蘭, 鱒, 攬, 鷹, 鑽


== Sample ==
== Sample ==
* [[Tonuao/Sample/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax
* [[単亜語/218_sentences]] - Sentences to test syntax
* [[Tonuao/Sample/Anime]] - Titles of anime translated into Tonuao


== Links ==
== Links ==
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]
#[https://www.facebook.com/groups/cjkvauxlang/ CJKV Auxlang Facebook Group]
#[https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1QRHi-4zBveAK6BDwhit5mMEcPUdvAKMj8NvwOJzNDJw/edit?usp=sharing CJKV Auxlang Google sheets]
 
#[http://danayo.referata.com/wiki/Main_Page Sister language 単亜語]


== References ==
== References ==
Line 1,052: Line 526:
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Auxlangs]]
[[Category:Universal Languages]]
Aquatiki
1,177

edits

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