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単亜語: Difference between revisions
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! colspan="8"|Consonants | ! colspan="8"|Consonants | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Labial !! Alveolar !! | ! !! 唇/Labial !! 舌/Alveolar !! 齒/Post-alveolar !! 牙/Velar | ||
|- align="center" | |- align="center" | ||
! Nasals | ! 次/Nasals | ||
|'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small> | |'''ㅁ''' <small>/m/</small> | ||
|'''ㄴ''' <small>/n/</small> | |'''ㄴ''' <small>/n/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|'''ㅇ''' <small> /ŋ~ɴ/</small> | |'''ㅇ''' <small> /ŋ~ɴ/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Stops | ! 塞/Stops | ||
|'''ㅂ''' <small>/p~b/</small> | |'''ㅂ''' <small>/p~b/</small> | ||
|'''ㄷ''' <small>/t~d/</small> | |'''ㄷ''' <small>/t~d/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|'''ㄱ''' <small>/k~g/</small> | |'''ㄱ''' <small>/k~g/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Affricates | ! 塞擦/Affricates | ||
| || | | || | ||
| '''ㅈ''' <small>/t͡s~t͡ɕ | | '''ㅈ''' <small>/t͡s~t͡ɕ/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
! | ! 清/Fricatives | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| '''ㅅ''' <small>/s ~ ɕ/</small> | |||
| '''ㅎ''' <small>/h ~ x/</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Approximants | ! 次濁/Approximants | ||
| '''와''' <small>/w~ɰᵝ/</small> | | '''와''' <small>/w~ɰᵝ/</small> | ||
| | | '''ㄹ''' <small>/l ~ ɾ/</small> | ||
| '''야''' <small>/j/</small> | | '''야''' <small>/j/</small> | ||
| | | | ||
|} | |} | ||
Vowels are also difficult to achieve consensus on. Mandarin and Japanese have the most limited systems<ref>http://wals.info/feature/2A#4/24.37/120.06</ref>. The world's most common and usable system -- with five, cardinal vowels -- was chosen for maximum compatiblity, and | Vowels are also difficult to achieve consensus on. Mandarin and Japanese have the most limited systems<ref>http://wals.info/feature/2A#4/24.37/120.06</ref>. The world's most common and usable system -- with five, cardinal vowels -- was chosen for maximum compatiblity, and some combinations are excluded (see below). Again, much allophony and tolerance will be used and needed between parties. There are two ways to write /u/, but only one (우) is used in native transcription. The other (으) is used to break up consonant clusters, and is whatever epenthetic vowel is common for the speaker. Japanese will realize these as /ɯᵝ/, Koreans as /ɯ/, Mandarin-speakers as /ɨ/, Cantonese as /ʊ/, and Vietnamese as /ə̆/. | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style="width: 500px; text-align: center;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
| '''에''' <small>/e ~ ɛ /</small> | |||
| | |||
| '''오''' <small>/o ~ ɔ/</small> | | '''오''' <small>/o ~ ɔ/</small> | ||
|- | |- | ||
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=== Phonotactics === | === Phonotactics === | ||
Across the region, there is no clear majority position on syllable structure. WALS misleadingly labels all our languages as "moderately complex"<ref>http://wals.info/feature/12A#4/25.80/112.06</ref>. Hence, there are many gaps in the phonetic system. A syllable may start with any sounds except /ŋ/ (Japanese / | Across the region, there is no clear majority position on syllable structure. WALS misleadingly labels all our languages as "moderately complex"<ref>http://wals.info/feature/12A#4/25.80/112.06</ref>. Hence, there are many gaps in the phonetic system. A syllable may start with any sounds except /ŋ/ (Japanese /ɴ/)<ref>http://wals.info/feature/9A#3/25.80/130.61</ref>. The rime must be a plain vowel, or /ya/. The coda can be /i/, /u/, /n/, /m/, /ŋ/, /k̚/, /t̚/, or /p̚/. Many speakers will need to epenthesize a vowel afterward coda consonants, but they should be reduced as much as possible. Coda stop consonants must be indicated with the epenthetic vowel marker (like a hyphen), which may only be omitted if the next syllable begins with the same stop or a vowel. | ||
Off-glides will be pronounced as separate syllables by everyone except Chinese and Vietnamese speakers, but again, tolerance is indicated. Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime, but there is an exception: /wei/. Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime. Syllables that begin with k, or h and have a coda, must have /a/ or /e/ as a rime. CH-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime. Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/. | Off-glides will be pronounced as separate syllables by everyone except Chinese and Vietnamese speakers, but again, tolerance is indicated. Syllables that begin with /w/ must have /a/ as a rime, but there is an exception: /wei/. Syllables that begin with /y/ may not have /i/ as a rime. Syllables that begin with k, or h and have a coda, must have /a/ or /e/ as a rime. CH-initial syllables cannot take /ja/ as a rime. Remember also that some will say /s/+/y/ and /s/+/i/ as /ɕ/. | ||