Verse:Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch: Difference between revisions

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*''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition)
*''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition)
*''de Schneau'' = snow
*''de Schneau'' = snow
*''deutsch'' /dyts/ = [[Thedish]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Indefinite article:
Indefinite article:
*''a/n' et'' /ə~n‿, əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ (sg., pl)
*''a/n''' /ə~n‿/ singular
*''et'' əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ plural
 
''a'' is used before consonants, ''n''' before vowels; e.g. ''a Sprâçe'' 'a language'; ''n'Esel'' 'a donkey'
''a'' is used before consonants, ''n''' before vowels; e.g. ''a Sprâçe'' 'a language'; ''n'Esel'' 'a donkey'


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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e''
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e''
*''Er stark.'' /e t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.' (cf. [[Venetian Hebrew]] spoken in the vicinity.)
*''Er ist stark.'' /e i t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.'
*''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'
*''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'


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Imperative:
Imperative:
*''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [2sg]
*''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [2sg]
*''machet-irl !'' /maxtil/ [2pl]
*''machez-irl !'' /maxtil/ [2pl]
*''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'
*''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'


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*''ich mache'' /əx max/
*''ich mache'' /əx max/
*''du maches'' /du max/
*''du maches'' /du max/
*''er/seu/ez machet'' /eː max/
*''er/seu/ez machez'' /eː max/
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/
*''irl machet'' /il max/
*''irl machez'' /il max/
*''deul machent'' /dyl max/
*''deul machent'' /dyl max/


Present progressive:
Present progressive:
*''ich bî machen''  
*''ich bin bî machen''  
*''du bî machen''  
*''du bis bî machen''  
*''er bî machen''  
*''er ist bî machen''  
*''wir bî machen''  
*''wir sins bî machen''  
*''irl bî machen''  
*''irl sît bî machen''  
*''deul bî machen''  
*''deul sint bî machen''  


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gemachet'' /əx hagəmax/
*''ich ha gemachez'' /əx hagəmax/
*''du has gemachet'' /du hak˭əmax/
*''du has gemachez'' /du hak˭əmax/
*''er/seu/ez hat gemachet'' /eː hak˭əmax/
*''er/seu/ez haz gemachez'' /eː hak˭əmax/
*''wir hans gemachet'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/
*''wir hans gemachez'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/
*''irl hat gemachet'' /il hak˭əmax/
*''irl haz gemachez'' /il hak˭əmax/
*''deul hant gemachet'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/
*''deul hant gemachez'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/


Future tense:
Future tense:
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*''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/
*''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/
*''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/
*''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/
*''leaubet-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/
*''leaubez-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/
*''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/
*''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/
*''leaubet-irl'' /løptil/
*''leaubez-irl'' /løptil/
*''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/
*''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/


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*''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'')
*''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'')
*''has-du'' /hat˭u/
*''has-du'' /hat˭u/
*''hat-er'' /hate/, ''hat-eu'' /haty/, ''hat-ez'' /hatis/
*''haz-er'' /haθe/, ''hat-eu'' /haθy/, ''hat-ez'' /haθis/
*''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/
*''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/
*''hat-irl'' /hatil/
*''haz-irl'' /haθil/
*''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/
*''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/


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*''ich neme'' /əx nɛm/
*''ich neme'' /əx nɛm/
*''du nimes'' /du nim/
*''du nimes'' /du nim/
*''er nimet'' /e nim/
*''er nimez'' /e nim/
*''wir nemons'' /wi nɛmu/
*''wir nemons'' /wi nɛmu/
*''irl nemet'' /il nɛm/
*''irl nemez'' /il nɛm/
*''deul nement'' /dyl nɛm/
*''deul nement'' /dyl nɛm/


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*''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/
*''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/
*''du bîzes'' /du bis/
*''du bîzes'' /du bis/
*''er/seu/ez bîzet'' /eː bis/
*''er/seu/ez bîzez'' /eː bis/
*''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/
*''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/
*''irl bîzet'' /il bis/
*''irl bîzez'' /il bis/
*''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/
*''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gebizet'' /əx hagəbəs/
*''ich ha gebizez'' /əx hagəbəs/
*''du has gebizet'' /du hak˭əbəs/
*''du has gebizez'' /du hak˭əbəs/
*''er/seu/ez hat gebizet'' /eː hak˭əbəs/
*''er/seu/ez haz gebizez'' /eː hak˭əbəs/
*''wir hans gebizet'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
*''wir hans gebizez'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
*''irl hat gebizet'' /il hak˭əbəs/
*''irl haz gebizez'' /il hak˭əbəs/
*''deul hant gebizet'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
*''deul hant gebizez'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
====Class 2 strong verbs====
====Class 2 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
Infinitive:
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*''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/
*''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/
*''du fleauges'' /du føg/
*''du fleauges'' /du føg/
*''er/seu/ez fleauget'' /eː føg/
*''er/seu/ez fleaugez'' /eː føg/
*''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/
*''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/
*''irl fleauget'' /il føg/
*''irl fleaugez'' /il føg/
*''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/
*''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gefloget'' /əx hagəfɔg/
*''ich ha geflogez'' /əx hagəfɔg/
*''du has gefloget'' /du hak˭əfɔg/
*''du has geflogez'' /du hak˭əfɔg/
*''er/seu/ez hat gefloget'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/
*''er/seu/ez haz geflogez'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/
*''wir hans gefloget'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
*''wir hans geflogez'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
*''irl hat gefloget'' /il hak˭əfɔg/
*''irl haz geflogez'' /il hak˭əfɔg/
*''deul hant gefloget'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/
*''deul hant geflogez'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/


====Class 3 strong verbs====
====Class 3 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
Infinitive:
*''trinken'' /tɕiŋku/ 'to drink'
*''trinken'' /sʰiŋku/ 'to drink'


Imperative:
Imperative:
*''trinke !'' /tɕiŋk/
*''trinke !'' /sʰiŋk/


Present simple:
Present simple:
*''ich trinke'' /əx tɕiŋk/
*''ich trinke'' /əx sʰiŋk/
*''du trinkes'' /du tɕiŋk/
*''du trinkes'' /du sʰiŋk/
*''er/seu/ez trinket'' /eː tɕiŋk/
*''er/seu/ez trinkez'' /eː sʰiŋk/
*''wir trinkons'' /wiː tɕiŋku/
*''wir trinkons'' /wiː sʰiŋku/
*''irl trinket'' /il tɕiŋk/
*''irl trinkez'' /il sʰiŋk/
*''deul trinkent'' /dyl tɕiŋk/
*''deul trinkent'' /dyl sʰiŋk/


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha getrunket'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/
*''ich ha getrunkez'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/
*''du has getrunket'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''du has getrunkez'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''er/seu/ez hat getrunket'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''er/seu/ez haz getrunkez'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''wir hans getrunket'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''wir hans getrunkez'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''irl hat getrunket'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''irl haz getrunkez'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''deul hant getrunket'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''deul hant getrunkez'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
 
====Class 4 strong verbs====
====Class 4 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
Infinitive:
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*''ich sterbe''
*''ich sterbe''
*''du stirbes''
*''du stirbes''
*''er/seu/ez stirbet''
*''er/seu/ez stirbez''
*''wir sterbons''
*''wir sterbons''
*''irl sterbet''
*''irl sterbez''
*''deul sterbent''
*''deul sterbent''


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gestorbet''
*''ich ha gestorbez''
*''du has gestorbet''
*''du has gestorbez''
*''er/seu/ez hat gestorbet''
*''er/seu/ez haz gestorbez''
*''wir hans gestorbet''
*''wir hans gestorbez''
*''irl hat gestorbet''
*''irl haz gestorbez''
*''deul hant gestorbet''
*''deul hant gestorbez''


====Copula====
====Copula====
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*''ist-er'' =
*''ist-er'' =
*''sins-wir'' =
*''sins-wir'' =
*''sit-irl'' =  
*''siz-irl'' =  
*''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/
*''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/


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*''er was''
*''er was''
*''wir wârons''
*''wir wârons''
*''irl wâret''
*''irl wârez''
*''deul wârent''
*''deul wârent''


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*''was-er'' /wase/
*''was-er'' /wase/
*''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/
*''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/
*''wâret-irl'' /waɪjil/
*''wârez-irl'' /waɪjil/
*''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/
*''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/


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''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nement begâben mit Vernunft und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benemen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.''
''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nement begâben mit Vernunft und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benemen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.''


/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ fit˭ɔŋd‿u gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/
/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ finuŋʔ un gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/


==Other resources==
==Other resources==

Revision as of 19:51, 20 February 2019

Wortebouch (Lexicon)
Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch/Swadesh list

Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch (d'allemañische Sprâçe /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or d'Allemañisch) is a High German language spoken in Lõis's Switzerland. It is inspired by German, Burmese, and French.

Numbers: ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/

Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise

Todo

Some sentences:

  • Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de Haz. [əx p˭jɛx fu də løb un də has]
  • Ist'z daz du behaltes ez fur mir ? [it˭as t˭u bəhaltʰ əs fy mi]
  • Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung. [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju siŋ iŋwijuŋ]
  • Ez git an mir Hunger. [əs k˭ət am mi huŋi]
  • Hwaz ist'z daz ez ? [w̥að itað əs] "What is it?"

Sound changes:

  • "pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening

Some words:

  • de Deaumout /døy.moʊʔ/ = meekness, humility, submission
    • deaumoutig /døy.moʊ.ti/ = meek, humble
  • de Hnacken /n̊a.k˭u/ = neck
  • nein /neɪŋ/ = no; neau /nø/ = not
  • denken /diŋ.kʰu/ = think
  • de Stein /t˭eɪŋ/ = stone
  • de Schlange /l̥aŋ/ = snake
  • de Himel /hi.məl/ = sky
  • d'Eauligheit /ø.li.kʰeɪʔ/ = eternity
    • eaulig /ø.li/ = eternal
  • driñ /zi/ = in (preposition)
  • de Schneau = snow
  • deutsch /dyts/ = Thedish

Phonology

Unusually for an L-European language, Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written sch or tr).

Orthography

Cl = /Cw/?

r = /j/; kr, gr = /tɕ, dʑ/; k, g, ch + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ch = /x/

s = /s/; z = /θ/; sch/tr = /sʰ/; str = /tɕ˭/; dr = /z/

(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/

  • dez Hlauz /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate

a = /a/, â = /aʊ/, âr = /aɪ/, au, aun, ou = /o~oʊ/

e = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ê = /aɪ/, eau, eaun = /ø/

eu = /y/

é, en, én = /e~eɪ/

i = /ə/

î, in = /i/

u, un, an = /ɔ/

û = /u/

Consonants

Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal voiceless /m̊/ /n̊/
voiced /m/ /n/ /ɲ/ /ŋ/
Stop plain /pʰ/ /tʰ/ /tɕʰ/ /kʰ/ /ʔ/
tense /p˭/ /t˭/ /tɕ˭/ /k˭/
voiced /b/ /d/ /d͡ʑ/ /g/
Fricative voiceless /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/
voiced [v] [ð] /z/
aspirated /sʰ/
Approximant voiceless /w̥/ /l̥/
voiced /w/ /l/ /j/
  • /h/ may be written as either h or ch; it is pronounced [x] after consonants.

Vowels

vowels: /a ə i u y ɔ~aʊ ɛ~aɪ e~eɪ o~oʊ ø~øy/, ~ denotes alternation.

The Allemañisch alternation is conditioned by the following rule:

  • diphthongs before /ʔ, s, ŋ/ OR before nasals
  • monophthongs otherwise?

The alternants are marginally phonemic, e.g. before consonants that don't alternate like /l, h/.

It originally came from the rule "diphthongs in closed syllables, monophthongs in open syllables" (plus diphthongization before /n, s/). This alternation operates after r, -nj > j and attendant vowel coloring.

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Liaison

Alternations upon suffixation

Morphology

Nouns

Indefinite article:

  • a/n' /ə~n‿/ singular
  • et əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ plural

a is used before consonants, n' before vowels; e.g. a Sprâçe 'a language'; n'Esel 'a donkey'

Definite article:

  • de/d', dez, deu /d(ə), dəs~də.ð‿, dy/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl.)

Common nouns: -0/-e, -er

  • de Frau, deu Frauer /də fjo, dy fjoji/ 'woman'
  • de Hrabe, deu Hraber /də ʃap, dy ʃabi/ 'raven'

Neuter nouns: -0, -e

  • dez Kind, deu Kinde /də siŋʔ, dy sint/ 'child'

Neuter n-stem nouns: -e, -en

  • dez Name, deu Namen /dəs nam, dy namu/ 'name'

Adjectives

Adjectives: predicative -0, attributive -e

  • Er ist stark. /e i t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.'
  • a starke Mañ /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'

Verbs

Like Yiddish, Allemañisch uses past participles instead of simple past forms in the past tense; however the auxiliary sîn was lost unlike in our timeline's German or Yiddish.

Infinitive:

  • machen /maxu/

Imperative:

  • mache ! /max/ 'do!' [2sg]
  • machez-irl ! /maxtil/ [2pl]
  • machons-wir ! /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'

Present simple:

  • ich mache /əx max/
  • du maches /du max/
  • er/seu/ez machez /eː max/
  • wir machons /wiː maxu/
  • irl machez /il max/
  • deul machent /dyl max/

Present progressive:

  • ich bin bî machen
  • du bis bî machen
  • er ist bî machen
  • wir sins bî machen
  • irl sît bî machen
  • deul sint bî machen

Past:

  • ich ha gemachez /əx hagəmax/
  • du has gemachez /du hak˭əmax/
  • er/seu/ez haz gemachez /eː hak˭əmax/
  • wir hans gemachez /wiː hɔŋəmax/
  • irl haz gemachez /il hak˭əmax/
  • deul hant gemachez /dyl hɔŋəmax/

Future tense:

  • ich will machen, du willt machen, ...

Question marker: ist'z daz = /it˭as/ (e.g. Ist'z daz du leaubes mir ? /it˭as t˭u løp mi/ 'Do you love me?')

Inversion for questions is allowed for pronominal subjects only: e.g. Leaubes-du mir ? /løp t˭u mi/

  • leaube-ich /løbəx/
  • leaubes-du /løpt˭u/
  • leaubez-er /løpte/, leaubet-eu /løpty/, leaubet-ez /løptis/
  • leaubons-wir /løbuwi/
  • leaubez-irl /løptil/
  • leaubent-deul /løpt˭yl/

The past tense auxiliary han is inverted as follows:

  • habe-ich /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ich ha)
  • has-du /hat˭u/
  • haz-er /haθe/, hat-eu /haθy/, hat-ez /haθis/
  • hans-wir /hɔŋwi/
  • haz-irl /haθil/
  • hant-deul /hɔndyl/

The verb nemen 'to take' is used as a passive auxiliary:

  • ich neme /əx nɛm/
  • du nimes /du nim/
  • er nimez /e nim/
  • wir nemons /wi nɛmu/
  • irl nemez /il nɛm/
  • deul nement /dyl nɛm/

The past forms are ha genomet, has genomet, ... in the passive sense.

Class 1 strong verbs

Infinitive:

  • bîzen /bisu/ 'to bite'

Imperative:

  • bîze ! /bis/

Present simple:

  • ich bîze /əx p˭is/
  • du bîzes /du bis/
  • er/seu/ez bîzez /eː bis/
  • wir bîzons /wiː bisu/
  • irl bîzez /il bis/
  • deul bîzent /dyl bis/

Past:

  • ich ha gebizez /əx hagəbəs/
  • du has gebizez /du hak˭əbəs/
  • er/seu/ez haz gebizez /eː hak˭əbəs/
  • wir hans gebizez /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
  • irl haz gebizez /il hak˭əbəs/
  • deul hant gebizez /dyl hɔŋəbəs/

Class 2 strong verbs

Infinitive:

  • fleaugen /føgu/ 'to fly'

Imperative:

  • fleauge ! /føg/

Present simple:

  • ich fleauge /əx føg/
  • du fleauges /du føg/
  • er/seu/ez fleaugez /eː føg/
  • wir fleaugons /wiː føgu/
  • irl fleaugez /il føg/
  • deul fleaugent /dyl føg/

Past:

  • ich ha geflogez /əx hagəfɔg/
  • du has geflogez /du hak˭əfɔg/
  • er/seu/ez haz geflogez /eː hak˭əfɔg/
  • wir hans geflogez /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
  • irl haz geflogez /il hak˭əfɔg/
  • deul hant geflogez /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/

Class 3 strong verbs

Infinitive:

  • trinken /sʰiŋku/ 'to drink'

Imperative:

  • trinke ! /sʰiŋk/

Present simple:

  • ich trinke /əx sʰiŋk/
  • du trinkes /du sʰiŋk/
  • er/seu/ez trinkez /eː sʰiŋk/
  • wir trinkons /wiː sʰiŋku/
  • irl trinkez /il sʰiŋk/
  • deul trinkent /dyl sʰiŋk/

Past:

  • ich ha getrunkez /əx hagətɕuŋk/
  • du has getrunkez /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
  • er/seu/ez haz getrunkez /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
  • wir hans getrunkez /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
  • irl haz getrunkez /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
  • deul hant getrunkez /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/

Class 4 strong verbs

Infinitive:

  • sterben /t˭eːbu/ 'to die'

Imperative:

  • stirbe ! /t˭iːb/

Present simple:

  • ich sterbe
  • du stirbes
  • er/seu/ez stirbez
  • wir sterbons
  • irl sterbez
  • deul sterbent

Past:

  • ich ha gestorbez
  • du has gestorbez
  • er/seu/ez haz gestorbez
  • wir hans gestorbez
  • irl haz gestorbez
  • deul hant gestorbez

Copula

The copula is sîn in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects.

Inverted copula:

  • bin-ich =
  • bis-du =
  • ist-er =
  • sins-wir =
  • siz-irl =
  • sint-deul = /sindyl/

Past tense copula:

  • ich was
  • du wast
  • er was
  • wir wârons
  • irl wârez
  • deul wârent

Inverted:

  • was-ich /wasəx/
  • was-du /wast˭u/
  • was-er /wase/
  • wârons-wir /waɪwi/
  • wârez-irl /waɪjil/
  • wârent-deul /waɪndyl/

Pronouns

The personal pronouns are as follows:

(The 2pl and 3pl nominative forms irl and deul are etymologically from *ir alliu 'you all' and *diu alliu 'they all'.)

case 1sg. 2sg. 3sg. 1pl. 2pl. 3pl.
'he' 'she' 'it' (n.)
nom. ich
/əx/
du
/du/
er
/e/
seu
/sy/
ez
/is, əs/
wir
/wi/
irl
/il/
deul
/dyl/
obj. mir
/mi/
dir
/di/
im
/iŋ/
ir
/i/
uns
/us/
euch
/yx/
deim
/deɪŋ/
poss. mîn
/miŋ/
dîn
/diŋ/
sîn
/siŋ/
unser
/usi/
eucher
/yxi/
deir
/de/
  • In questions that use inversion, eu /y/ is used instead of seu.

mîn, dîn, sîn are inflected as follows:

  • sg. common mîn /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter mîz /mis~mi.ð‿-/, pl. mîne /min/

Syntax

Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch is SVO (not V2) and zero-copula.

Negation

The negative particle neau /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective:

  • Ich haze dir neau. /əx haz di nø/ "I don't hate you."
  • Ez neau grauz genoug. /əs nø dʑoʊs gənoʊʔ/ "It's not big enough."

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

UDHR, Article 1

Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nement begâben mit Vernunft und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benemen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.

/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ finuŋʔ un gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/

Other resources