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|name = {{PAGENAME}} | |name = {{PAGENAME}} | ||
|nativename = An Bhlaoighne Qheo | |nativename = An Bhlaoighne Qheo | ||
|pronunciation= an bʰlaojgʰne | |pronunciation= an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo | ||
|familycolor=constructed | |familycolor=constructed | ||
|region = | |region = | ||
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|notice=IPA | |notice=IPA | ||
}} | }} | ||
'''An Bhlaoighne Qheo''' /an bʰlaojgʰne | '''An Bhlaoighne Qheo''' /an bʰlaojgʰne !ʰeo/ | ||
'the special/holy speech', shortened as '''An Bhlaoighne''', is a conlang inspired by reading Irish orthography literally (for example: ''seamh'' /seamh/). It was originally created by [[User:Praimhín]]. | 'the special/holy speech', shortened as '''An Bhlaoighne''', is a conlang inspired by reading Irish orthography literally (for example: ''seamh'' /seamh/). It was originally created by [[User:Praimhín]]. | ||
It is also inspired by coincidences between Hebrew and Irish. | |||
==Todo== | |||
-í adjectives become -íd nouns (-īd was '-ity' in my first thensarian) | |||
i gliashón = ? | |||
What does -aigh mean? | What does -aigh mean? | ||
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* Infinitive absolute | * Infinitive absolute | ||
* Inalienable v. alienable possession (construct/suffixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable) | * Inalienable v. alienable possession (construct/suffixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable) | ||
Non-European | * "muches to forgive" type cóntructions (also in Hebrew) | ||
Non-European Naeng features | |||
* No morphological comparatives | * No morphological comparatives | ||
* non-definite specific articles | * non-definite specific articles | ||
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* Pluractionality: marked with a prefix? | * Pluractionality: marked with a prefix? | ||
== | ==Prescriptive phonology== | ||
a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞ i o̞ u ä: e̞: i: o̞: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count! | a e i o u á é í ó ú /ä e̞ i o̞ u ä: e̞: i: o̞: u:/ + far too many diphthongs to even count! | ||
b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x | b c d f g h l m n p q r s t x | ||
/b k d̪ f g h~ɦ l̪ m n̪ p | /b k d̪ f g h~ɦ l̪ m n̪ p ! r s t̪ {{Welsh ll}}/ | ||
''s'' may be dental or alveolar. | |||
As an orthoepic measure, a glottal stop is prescriptively added to vowel-initial words and initial prenasalized consonants: ''an mblaoighne'' [an ʔᵐblaojgʰne]. | |||
nn doesn't assimilate to a following velar whereas n does. | |||
The letters 0bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated. | The letters 0bcdfgpqstx can participate in two mutations. In addition, m can be aspirated. | ||
Aspiration: | Aspiration (often called lenition): | ||
h bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh | h bh ch dh fh gh mh ph qh sh th xh | ||
/h bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ | /h bʰ kʰ d̪ʰ fʰ gʰ mʰ pʰ !ʰ sʰ t̪ʰ ɬʰ/ | ||
Prenasalization: | Prenasalization (aka eclipsis): | ||
n- mb gc nd bhf ng _ bp | n- mb gc nd bhf ng _ bp gq dhs dt dhx | ||
/n̪ ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp | /n̪ ᵐb ᵑk ⁿd̪ bʰf ᵑg ᵐp ᵑ! dʰs ⁿt̪ dʰɬ/ | ||
Prescriptively, nouns beginning in sp st sc sq sm are not subject to mutation. However, descriptively they may lenite to ''sph sth sch sqh shm''. | |||
=== Phonotactics === | |||
Similar to literally read Irish, but ''cht'' is disallowed. | |||
===Intonation === | ===Intonation === | ||
Prescriptively, basically identical to our Czech | Prescriptively, basically identical to our Czech. Stress is invariably weakly initial. | ||
== Evolution == | |||
fh sh become /h 2/ initially and /v z/ otherwise | fh sh become /h 2/ initially and /v z/ otherwise | ||
Non-initial ph th qh ch are preglottalized: ''béarrach'' [be̞ːarːaʔkʰ] | |||
A glottal stop is added after a word-final vowel | |||
aío in spoken An Bhlaoighne sounds like /aɟːo/, so tanaíodh /tanaɟːoðʱ/ | aío in spoken An Bhlaoighne sounds like /aɟːo/, so tanaíodh /tanaɟːoðʱ/ | ||
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ío sounds like /iɟːo/ | ío sounds like /iɟːo/ | ||
ao aoi are often /au ɑy/ | |||
aí oí uí > Lithuanian aĩ uĩ uĩ or Vietnamese ây uy uy | |||
bhf dhs = /b{{tiebar}}vʱ d{{tiebar}}zʱ/ | |||
Clicks become uvulars: q qh gq > /q qʰ ɴ~ɢ/ | |||
=== Some reading tradition (in MB) === | |||
''ai'' = /ai/, ''a'' = /a:/, ''ái'' = /a::i/, ''á'' = /a:::/, ''ea'' = /ea/, ''eá'' = /ea::/, ''eái'' = /ea:i/, etc. (vowels with no fada are two morae, vowels with fada are 4 morae; a component with fada should always be longer than one without) | |||
''ae'' /a:e:/, ''aei'' /a:ei/, | |||
''ao'' /a:o:/, ''aoi'' /a:oi/, ''eo'' /e:o:/, ''eoi'' /e:oi/ | |||
''í'' is treated as ''íi'' (because ''ío'' is /i::o/ and í is the "slender" version) | |||
róisín /ro::isi::in/ | |||
== Writing == | == Writing == | ||
An Bhlaoighne is written in the Latin alphabet in Gaelic type. | An Bhlaoighne is written in the Latin alphabet in Gaelic type, called "An Uathméal Róisín", because it's the first alphabet devised for the language. In addition Dheofáid uses an alphabet called "An Uathméal ___". | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
==== Declension ==== | |||
The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions. | The An Bhlaoighne nominal system has ten declensions. | ||
* The plural has the mutations in reverse order from the singular when listed according to gender. | |||
* The gender determines the singular indefinite and definite mutations (the definite has the corresponding mutation in Old Irish, and the indefinite has an offset of +1 from the definite.) | |||
* The declension 1, 2, 3 determines which gender has the same mutation for definite singular and definite plural (1 = m, 2 = f, 3 = n) and which gender has the same mutation for the indef. singular and indef. plural (1 = n, 2 = m, 3 = f). | |||
First declension masculine: | First declension masculine: | ||
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{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;" | ||
! colspan="3" | '' | ! colspan="3" | ''fiodainn'' 'honor' - 3rd decl. neut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="width: 90px;" | | ! style="width: 90px;" | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Indefinite | ! Indefinite | ||
| ''an | | ''an fiodainn'' || ''na fhiodainn'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Definite | ! Definite | ||
| ''an | | ''an bhfiodainn'' || ''na bhfiodainn'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
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There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form. | There's also a 'grab bag' class of nouns that begin with consonants that can't be mutated. The gender of a noun in this class is determined solely by meaning, and there is no way to differentiate between its definite and indefinite form. | ||
LIke Hebrew but unlike Irish, An Bhlaoighne has construct state but no case. A noun in construct state always lenites the following noun unless there is an article in between. The construct can be irregular, but is regularly formed in the following ways: | ==== Construct state ==== | ||
LIke Hebrew but unlike Irish, An Bhlaoighne has construct state but no case. A noun in construct state always lenites the following noun unless there is an article in between (should depend on declension probs). The construct can be irregular, but is regularly formed in the following ways: | |||
* If the noun ends in a consonant, the construct state is formed by ''adding'' ''-a/-e''. | * If the noun ends in a consonant, the construct state is formed by ''adding'' ''-a/-e''. | ||
* If the noun ends in an unstressed ''-a/-e'', the construct is formed by ''removing'' ''-a/-e''. | * If the noun ends in an unstressed ''-a/-e'', the construct is formed by ''removing'' ''-a/-e''. | ||
* Monosyllabic open-syllable nouns are more irregular: ''dó'' 'city', construct state ''dá''. | * Monosyllabic open-syllable nouns are more irregular: ''dó'' 'city', construct state ''dá''. | ||
===== Placing the article in a construct chain ===== | |||
Prescriptively, there are two possible ways to place the article in a construct noun phrase: | |||
# A construct chain can have the article placed before the whole chain: ''an Chló Fhábh'' 'Clofabin River' (which mutates the first noun according to its declension), and lenition triggered by preceding construct state nouns is applied as usual. | |||
# <!-- inspired by "beit-halachmi" --> Especially when a suffix is added to the whole phrase, the article may be placed right before the last word: ''Cló an Fhábhaí'' 'the Clofabian (person)', ''Cló an Fhábhais'' 'the Clofabian language'. The article's number is the number of the whole noun phrase. The article forces the last word to mutate the same way as the ''first'' noun in the chain; this distinguishes, for example, ''NOUN1 an1 NOUN2-í'' (-í modifies the whole phrase "NOUN1 NOUN2") and ''NOUN1 an2 NOUN2-í'' (-í modifies NOUN2). | |||
Descriptively, only the first construction is used. | |||
==== Pronouns ==== | |||
Independent pronouns: | |||
* rúr: I | |||
* qéiq: thou | |||
* áix: he | |||
* áig: she | |||
* ár: sg they | |||
* annsan: this | |||
* annan: that, it | |||
* léil: we (exc) | |||
* dhéidh: we (inc) | |||
* bhéibh: ye | |||
* annana: they | |||
==== Possessive suffixes ==== | |||
Noun possession suffixes are similar to preposition inflection (as in Hebrew). They are added to construct forms. | |||
''pairín, pairín'' 'house(s)': ''pairíniúr, pairíniq, pairínear, pairíneannsa, pairíneann, pairínil, pairínidh, pairínibh, pairíneanna'' | |||
''gurbán, gurbáin'' 'cat': | |||
''gurbáiniúr, gurbáiniq, ...'' | |||
If the construct form is a monosyllabic open syllable, -th- is added before the suffix: | |||
''dó, dá'' 'city': | |||
''dáthúr, dáthaiq, dáthar, dáthannsa, dáthann, dáthail, dáthaidh, dáthaibh, dáthanna'' | |||
Emphatic pronoun suffixes are reduplicated forms similar to independent pronouns: | |||
* ''pairínearúr, pairíniqéiq, pairíneár, pairíneannsan, pairíneannan, pairíniléil, pairínidhéidh, pairínibhéibh, pairíneannana'' | |||
=== Adjectives === | === Adjectives === | ||
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=== Demonstratives === | === Demonstratives === | ||
* ''ann an bpairín'' = that house | * ''ann an bpairín'' = that house | ||
* ''ann an bpairínse'' = this house | * ''anns an bpairín''/''ann an bpairínse'' = this house | ||
** the choice of -se or -sa is determined by "bwb sws": ''ann an beathrasa'' 'this man' | ** the choice of -se or -sa is determined by "bwb sws": ''ann an beathrasa'' 'this man' | ||
* ''ann'' = that | * ''ann'' = that | ||
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*''Fon cealim go bhfóine.'' /fon kealim go bʰfo:jne/ 'The table is white' | *''Fon cealim go bhfóine.'' /fon kealim go bʰfo:jne/ 'The table is white' | ||
*''Cean beathra go | *''Cean beathra go gxeathair.'' /kean beatʰra go ŋ|eatʰajr/ 'The man is walking' | ||
*''Cean bheathra go mblaoighne.'' /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰne/ 'A man is speaking' | *''Cean bheathra go mblaoighne.'' /kean bʰeatʰra go ᵐblaojgʰne/ 'A man is speaking' | ||
(''go''+prenasalization literally means 'in') | (''go''+prenasalization literally means 'in') | ||
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*'in': ''go'' (+E) + ''an'' = ''ni'', ''go'' + ''na'' = ''in'' | *'in': ''go'' (+E) + ''an'' = ''ni'', ''go'' + ''na'' = ''in'' | ||
*'at': ''bho'' (+mut), ''ra'', ''ar'' | *'at': ''bho'' (+mut), ''ra'', ''ar'' | ||
*'on': ''i'' (+L), ''i'' + ''an'' = '' | *'on': ''i'' (+L), ''i'' + ''an'' = ''ma'', ''i'' + ''na'' = ''am'' | ||
*'with ( | *'with (com)': ''ro'' (+ no mut) + ''an'' = ''ca'', ''ro'' + ''na'' = ''ac'' | ||
*'to': ''eis'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''sa'', ''eis'' + ''na'' = ''as'' | *'to': ''eis'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''sa'', ''eis'' + ''na'' = ''as'' | ||
*'like': ''qe'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''xa'', ''qe'' + ''na'' = ''ax'' | *'like': ''qe'' (+no mut) + ''an'' = ''xa'', ''qe'' + ''na'' = ''ax'' | ||
*'from': ''ho'' (+E), ''fa'', ''af'' | *'from': ''ho'' (+E), ''fa'', ''af'' | ||
* 'with (inst), by': ''no'', ''ba'', ''ab'' | * 'with (inst), by': ''no'', ''ba'', ''ab'' | ||
* 'through': ''blí'' | |||
* 'without': ''trí'' | |||
===Inflected prepositions=== | ===Inflected prepositions=== | ||
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I, you, he/she, this, that, we.ex, we.in, you, they | I, you, he/she, this, that, we.ex, we.in, you, they | ||
niúr, néiq, near, neannsa, neann, néil, | niúr, néiq, near, neannsa, neann, néil, néidh, néibh, neanna | ||
cúr, cóiq, cór, cónnsa, cónn, cóil, cóidh, cóibh, cónna | |||
qiúr, qéiq, qear, qeannsa, qeann, qéil, | qiúr, qéiq, qear, qeannsa, qeann, qéil, qéidh, qéibh, qeanna | ||
Tense particles also inflect: | Tense particles also inflect: | ||
ceis: c(eis)iúr, ceisiq/cíq, c(eis)ear, c(eis)eannsa, c(eis)eann, ceisil/cíl, | ceis: c(eis)iúr, ceisiq/cíq, c(eis)ear, c(eis)eannsa, c(eis)eann, ceisil/cíl, ceisidh/cídh, c(eis)ibh/cíbh, c(eis)eanna | ||
éadh: é(adh)úr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éil, | éadh: é(adh)úr, éiq, éar, éannsa, éann, éil, éidh, éibh, éanna | ||
liobh: liúr, líq, liar, liannsa, liann, líl, | liobh: liúr, líq, liar, liannsa, liann, líl, lídh, líbh, lianna | ||
fo: fúr, fóiq, fór, fónnsa, fónn, fóil, | fo: fúr, fóiq, fór, fónnsa, fónn, fóil, fóidh, fóibh, fónna | ||
===Adverbs=== | ===Adverbs=== | ||
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An Bhlaoighne verbs have only 2 principal parts: the imperative and the verbal noun. Dictionaries cite the verbal noun in the form that follows the definite article ''an''. All verbal nouns are 3rd declension feminine. | An Bhlaoighne verbs have only 2 principal parts: the imperative and the verbal noun. Dictionaries cite the verbal noun in the form that follows the definite article ''an''. All verbal nouns are 3rd declension feminine. | ||
An example dictionary entry: "pól, an phólanna = to fall" | |||
''xe''+L for pluractionality, combines with go to form ''qo''+L | ''xe''+L for pluractionality, combines with go to form ''qo''+L | ||
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* -dhár: relating to, full of | * -dhár: relating to, full of | ||
** ceifheardhár = loving | ** ceifheardhár = loving | ||
* -aid: VM | |||
* -áid: VN for verbs ending in -adh | * -áid: VN for verbs ending in -adh | ||
* -anna, -na/ne, -air, -aid: verbal noun suffixes | * -anna, -na/ne, -air, -aid: verbal noun suffixes | ||
* -amh: agentive | * -amh: agentive | ||
* -ín: places | * -ín: places ("slenderizes" the last consonant except -ch) | ||
* -í: adjective | * -í: adjective | ||
* -t(h)(e)ar: places? (from | * -t(h)(e)ar: places? (from Naeng) | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
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Ordinals are formed by affixing the circumfix ro-[root]-ín. (ro- does not mutate). This construction literally means "of the nth place" using the place suffix -ín. | Ordinals are formed by affixing the circumfix ro-[root]-ín. (ro- does not mutate). This construction literally means "of the nth place" using the place suffix -ín. | ||
*0 = ''dírabh'' /di:rabʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro- | Numerals always come before, and lenite, the noun they modify. | ||
*0 = ''dírabh'' /di:rabʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro-díraibhín'') | |||
*1 = ''óis'' /o:js/ (ordinal: ''róisín'') | *1 = ''óis'' /o:js/ (ordinal: ''róisín'') | ||
*2 = ''réix'' /re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''ro-réixín'') | *2 = ''réix'' /re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''ro-réixín'') | ||
*3 = ''daobhe'' /daobʰe/, ''daobh'' (ordinal: ''ro- | *3 = ''daobhe'' /daobʰe/, ''daobh'' (ordinal: ''ro-daoibhín'') | ||
*4 = ''fuín'' /fwi:n/ (ordinal: ''ro-fuínín'') | *4 = ''fuín'' /fwi:n/ (ordinal: ''ro-fuínín'') | ||
*5 = ''seamh'' /seamʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro- | *5 = ''seamh'' /seamʰ/ (ordinal: ''ro-seimhín'') | ||
*6 = ''taca'' /taka/ (ordinal: ''ro- | *6 = ''taca'' /taka/ (ordinal: ''ro-taicín'') | ||
*7 = ''óista n-óis'' /o:jsta no:js/ (ordinal: ''róistanóisín'') | *7 = ''óista n-óis'' /o:jsta no:js/ (ordinal: ''róistanóisín'') | ||
*8 = ''óista réix'' /o:jsta re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''róistaréixín'') | *8 = ''óista réix'' /o:jsta re:jɬ/ (ordinal: ''róistaréixín'') | ||
*9 = ''óista ndaobh'' /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/ | *9 = ''óista ndaobh'' /o:jsta ⁿdaobʰe/ | ||
*10 = ''óista bhfuín'' /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/ | *10 = ''óista bhfuín'' /o:jsta bʰfwi:n/; ''beall'' | ||
*11 = ''óista dhseamh'' /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/ | *11 = ''óista dhseamh'' /o:jsta dʰseamʰ/ | ||
*12 = ''réixta'' /re:jɬta/ | *12 = ''réixta'' /re:jɬta/ | ||
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==Modern An Bhlaoighne== | ==Modern An Bhlaoighne== | ||
Modern An Bhlaoighne, or ''An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid'' (pronounced /fl{{breathy|a}}ːn | Modern An Bhlaoighne, or ''An Bhlaoighne do Dheofáid'' (pronounced /fl{{breathy|a}}ːn θɪvʊid̪/, or /fl{{breathy|a}}ːnvʊid̪/ in rapid speech) is the most popular in-universe conlang in Future Crackfic Tricin and has more native speakers in Cualand than many natlangs. Its pronunciation is much simpler and more eroded but its orthography is pretty much the same as An Bhlaoighne, which makes for some really bloated spellings, and even whole words can be silent, like "na" which serves as a noun marker in written Dheofáid. | ||
An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy. | An Dheofáid uses a version of Square Word Calligraphy. | ||
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===Phonology=== | ===Phonology=== | ||
Initially all 4 stop series of An Bhlaoighne remain distinct: ''t th d dh'' become /t̪⁼ t̪ʰ ð θ/. However, posttonic t and | Initially all 4 stop series of An Bhlaoighne remain distinct: ''t th d dh'' become /t̪⁼ t̪ʰ ð θ/. However, posttonic t and d both become /d̪/, and posttonic th and dh both become /ð/ (-ch and -gh become /x/ and -gh sometimes -j or -w) | ||
Early Dheofáid has suprasegmental breathy voice deriving from post-tonic breathy voiced consonants ''bh dh fh gh mh sh'': ''rámhann'' 'its homology' becomes /r{{breathy|a}}{{breathy|ɨ}}m{{breathy|ə}}n/ but ''rámann'' 'its porch' becomes /raɨmən/. Breathy voice conditions a vowel split in later Dheofáid, as in Old Khmer to Modern Khmer. The phonology is otherwise not too different from Brythonic Celtic languages. There are lots of vowel/diphthong mergers though some An Bhlaoighne monophthongs turned into diphthongs like í /ei/. | |||
====Silent gh==== | ====Silent gh==== | ||
Dheofáid has vowel coloring from former gh - íogh sounds like /iw/. | Dheofáid has vowel coloring from former gh - íogh sounds like /iw/. | ||
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
===Grammar=== | ===Grammar=== | ||
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Number is not marked morphologically in Dheofáid. However, pluractionality is mamdatory. | Number is not marked morphologically in Dheofáid. However, pluractionality is mamdatory. | ||
==Sociolinguistics== | ===Sociolinguistics=== | ||
Speakers of Dheofáid think An Bhlaoighne is pronounced like it. | Speakers of Dheofáid think An Bhlaoighne is pronounced like it. | ||
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