Anbirese: Difference between revisions

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|image =  
|image =  
|imagesize =  
|imagesize =  
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|creator = [[User:IlL|Inthar]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong''
|nativename = ''Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong''
|pronunciation=  
|pronunciation=  
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|nation = Andaegor, Anbir, Musun, Anbir Sjeoreong (in the [[Verse:Tricin/USB|USB]])
|familycolor=quihum
|familycolor=quihum
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
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}}
}}


'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gǎz ànbirjəm/ [ànbírjəm]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Ciètian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''n Smau'' /ən smau/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman countries [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Musun|Musun]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeong'' /ən gaz anbirjəŋ/) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. It is noted for its split-ergativity, like its close relative [[Ciètian]].
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman countries [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and [[Verse:Tricin/Musun|Musun]] and of former colonies in Cualuav including Andaegor (from [[Tigol]] ''Aunḋ-Áeċur'' /ăŭnd aeguɾ/ 'sun's perch', a legendary landmass beyond the western Talman Ocean), a large country to the south of Fyxoom, and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language, after [[Eevo]], in terms of number of speakers. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.
 
Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma and parts of Etalocin. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys a certain status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world. Anbirese is somewhat mutually intelligible with [[Ciètian]] (like German and Dutch).


Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world.
==External history==
==External history==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} began as "Tsjoen", a Swedish and Sino Korean hybrid. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.
The idea of {{SUBPAGENAME}} began as "Tsjoen", before I decided to make it a Tigolic language. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft and Irish.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*ot, od > vat, vad
* Tigol ct /kʰtʰ/ (from PTal xt/xθ) should become tt /tʰ:/ > /t/ because Norse
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, dyv, solj, stam, rvað, lað, berb, ngjor, jachim, kne
* Turkish style evidentiality?
** past participle is unmarked, preterite is hearsay
* Inalienable v. alienable possession (genitive/prefixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable)
*ot, od > at, ad
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, tyb, solj, stam, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor, jachim, knae
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
*Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna'' (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
*Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna''
*Swadesh list
*Swadesh list
*Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
*Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
<poem>
*a verbalizer like ''-ować''
plus, {{SUBPAGENAME}} has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
* urjeon = to do much
le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
** Used as an auxiliary (like Hebrew hirba): ''Urjeoni u ṡavri'' /üɾʲəni ü avɾi/ = he forgives often
but Maith Sivy always used it
that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
which in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} was completely replaced with 'scid'
ca-ephyth = of that
ca-leth = that (acc.)
ca-dzeth = in that; there
ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
in that house = ca-dzen souar
or "dze cin souar"
both are valid
the first being more archaic
</poem>
a verbalizer like ''-ować''


*Verb prefixes:
*Verb prefixes:
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Vowel reflexes:
Vowel reflexes:
*a e i o u > eo jeo ji u u  
*a e i o u > eo jeo je u eu
*ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
*ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
*á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
*á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o u
*ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jau
*ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jo
*eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
*eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
*ae ao aoi > e eu eui
*ae ao aoi > e eu eui
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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Old Anbirese and Old Ciètian both underwent the so-called Anbirese spirantization of [[Tigol]] aspirated stops: ''p ṗ t ṫ c ċ'' /pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ/ > OAnb /f v θ ð x ɣ/. Modern Anbirese subsequently shifted /θ/ to unaspirated ''t'' /t/, /t/ (from Tigol ''d'') to ''θ'' /tʰ/, /ð/ to ''z'' /z/, and deleted /ɣ/.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
Anbirese has about 33 consonants:
*/k g x ŋ/
*/k g x ŋ/
*/tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
*/tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
*/t d tʰ z n/
*/t d tʰ z (ʑ) n/
*/p b f v m/
*/p b f v m/
*/pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/
*/s ɕ ɧ h/
*/s ɕ ɧ h/
*/r ɹ j ɴ̆~w/
*/ɾ ɾʲ ɹ j ɴ̆/ [w]
 
Anbirese has phonetic palatalization, indicated by writing ''Cj''. Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written ''Cj'') and iotated consonants (written ''Clj''):
* ''mjeg'' /mʲeg/ = to cover (cognate to Eevo ''mee'' 'to hide'); ''mljeg'' /mʲjeg/ = to sell (cognate to Eevo ''mleend'' 'shop')
* ''sjeong'' 'sky', ''sljeong'' 'blossom, bloom'
 
[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.
 
/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).


===Notation===
===Notation===
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*c cj /ts tɕ/
*c cj /ts tɕ/
*p f m /p f m/
*p f m /p f m/
*pj fj mj /pʲ fʲ mʲ/
*s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
*s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
*r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/
*r l lj j /r ɴ̆ l j/


At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.
sj = sje, etc.


====Lenited consonants====
====Lenited consonants====
*g ȝ /g Ø/
*g γ /g Ø/
*gj ȝj /d͡ʑ j/
*gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
*d z /d z/
*d z /d z/
*dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
*dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
*dz dzj /dz d͡ʑ/
*b v /b v/
*b v /b v/
*bj vj /bj vj/
*bj vj /bʲ vʲ/


====Eclipsed consonants====
====Eclipsed consonants====
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*nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
*nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
*n nh /n nʰ/
*n nh /n nʰ/
*m mh /m mʰ/
*m mh mj mhj /m mʰ mʲ mʲʰ/


===Mutations===
===Mutations===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
Anbirese has 3 types of mutations: lenition, eclipsis, and h-prothesis.
{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
|-
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|+ '''Consonant mutations'''
|-
|-
!|Grapheme
!|grapheme
!''m''!!''p''!!''φ''!!''f''!!''t''!!''θ''!!''s''<sup>*</sup>!!''z''!!''r''!!''ŋ''!!''c''!!''g''!!''l''!!''ħ''!!''0''
|''m''||''p''||''f''||''t''||''θ''||''c''||''s''<sup>*</sup>||''z''||''k''||''ch''||''0, j''
|-
!IPA
|/m/||/p⁼/||/pʰ/||/f/||/t⁼/||/tʰ/||/s/||/z/||/ɺ~l/||/ŋ/||/k/, /tʃ/||/g/, /dʒ/||/ʟ/||/h/||/ʔ/
|-
!|Lenited
!''ng''!!''b''!!''v''!!''h''!!''d''!!''z''!!''z''!!''0''!!''-''!!''-''!!''ch''!!''gh''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!|soft
|/ŋ/||/b/||/v/||/h/||/d/
|''ng''||''b''||''h''||''z''||''d''||''dz''||''0''||''-''||''g''||''0''||''-''
|/z/||/z/||''silent''
|''-''
|''-''||/x/, /ʃ/||/ɣ/, /j/
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
|-
|-
!|Eclipsed
!|nasal
!''-''!!''m''!!''mh''!!''v''!!''n''!!''nh''!!''z''!!''-''!!''-''!!''-''!!''gc''!!''ŋg''!!''-''!!''-''!!''n-''
|''-''||''m''||''v''||''nh''||''n''||''-''||''z''||''-''||''ng''||''ngh''||''n(j)-''
|-
|-
!IPA
!|h-prothesis
|''-''||/m/||/mʰ/||/v/||/n/||/nʰ/||/z/
|''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''-''||''h(j)-''
|''-''
|''-''
|''-''
||/g/, /dʒ/||/ŋ/||''-''||''-''||/n/
|}
|}
Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.
Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.


<sup>*</sup>The clusters written ''sp'', ''st'', ''sc'' do not mutate.
<sup>*</sup>The clusters written ''sp'', ''st'', ''sk'' do not mutate.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
'''i eu u e eo a o ae oe''' /i ɨ ü e ʌ~ɔ a o~u ɛ~e ø/
Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. ''eu'' /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of ''i'' /i/: ''mi ni pi ti ci ki bi di gi fi vi'' are read as ''mji nji pji tji cji kji bji dji gji fji vji''. ''si zi li'' are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi ɲi].


''eo'' is /ə/ when unstressed.
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''u''' /ü/
| '''eu''' [ɨ]
| '''o''' /o~u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ae, e''' /e̞/
| '''oe''' /ø~œ/
| '''eo''' [ə]
| '''eo''' /ʌ~ɔ/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /ɐ/
|
|}


===Stress===
===Stress===
Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.
Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.
===Pitch accent===
Pitch accent is phonemic in Standard Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.
Each word has one of two possible pitch accents:
#Rising (or low, or peaking): starts low and rises, peaks at the second syllable; unmarked
#High: high and level, falls off word-finally, transcribed with an acute accent
For example:
*''skaen'' /skěn/ (rising tone) = 'a friend (sg)'; ''n skaen'' /ən skěn/ = 'the friend'
*''skáen'' /skén/ (high tone) = 'friends (pl)'; ''n skáen'' /ən skén/ = 'the friends'
*''ael'' (rising tone) = 'loves (present tense)'
*''áel'' (high tone) = 'loved (past tense)'
A handful of dialects lack pitch accent.


===Intonation===
===Intonation===
*General fall: declarative clauses
Standard Anbirese is not tonal; it has an intonation like Seoul Korean.
*General rise: dependent clauses
*Interrogative: interrogative clauses


==Dialectology==
==Dialectology==
Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese colonies such as Euldondjama.
Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese-speaking countries.
===Anbir===
===Anbir===
Anbir has more dialectal diversity.
Anbir has more dialectal diversity. Some dialects still use the preterite conjugation inherited from [[Tigol]] instead of the participle form
 
===Musun===
===Musun===
Musunese Anbir is similar to Standard Anbirese Anbirese, but has no pitch accent and uses more analytic constructions.


==Orthography==
==Orthography==
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==Vocabulary==
==Vocabulary==
Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more [[Tseer]] and [[Windermere]] loans.
Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Many [[Tseer]] and [[Windermere]] loans are considered archaic today.


==Morphology==
==Morphology==
===Mutations===
===Mutations===
Like Qenian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.
Like Ciètian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.


===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Like its relative [[Ciètian]], Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter).
Like its close relative [[Ciètian]], Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Standard Anbirese has nominative and genitive cases, but many Anbirese dialects have lost all inflection.
====Definite article====
====Definite article====
Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is  
Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is  
*''eo'' before nasals and resonants: ''eo mar'' [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
*''eo'' before nasals and resonants (except /j/): ''eo mar'' [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
*''n'' before other consonants and before vowels: ''n χeozir'' [ə̀n xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; ''n abeot'' [nàbə̂t] 'the book'
*''n'' before other consonants (where it is pronounced /ɨn/) and before vowels (where it is pronounced /n/): ''n cheozir'' [ɨn xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; ''n abeoz'' [n‿àbə̂z] 'the book'
 
The above rule operates after the word is mutated for number/gender marking.


TODO: definite article mutations by gender
TODO: definite article mutations by gender


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Definite article'''
|+ '''Definite article'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
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|-
|-
!  
!  
| eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || no mut. || no mut.|| eclipsis
| eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || h-prothesis || h-prothesis || eclipsis
|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''eo '''m'''ran''<br/>'the corner' || ''n '''g'''az''<br/>'the language' || ''n '''χ'''eozir''<br/>'the flower' || ''n '''p'''rán''<br/>'the corners' || ''n '''k'''áz''<br/>'the languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir''<br/>'the flowers'
| ''eo '''mp'''ran''<br/>'the corner' || ''n '''gk'''az''<br/>'the language' || ''n '''ch'''eozir''<br/>'the flower' || ''n '''p'''rán''<br/>'the corners' || ''n '''k'''áz''<br/>'the languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir''<br/>'the flowers'
|}
|}


Line 255: Line 256:


TODO: degree
TODO: degree
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"  
|+ '''Adjective inflection'''
|+ '''Adjective inflection'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural  
Line 265: Line 266:
|-
|-
! Example
! Example
| ''eo '''n'''al '''nh'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting shop' || ''n '''g'''az '''z'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting language' || ''n '''χ'''eozir '''θ'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting flower' || ''n '''t'''ál '''θ'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting shops' || ''n '''k'''áz '''θ'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir '''nh'''jeongeosan''<br/>'the interesting flowers'
| ''eo '''n'''alb '''nh'''jangeoban''<br/>/ə nawp ɲʰaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting shop' || ''n '''g'''az '''z'''jangeoban''<br/>/ŋ gaz ɹaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting language' || ''n '''ch'''eozir '''t'''jangeoban''<br/>/ŋ xəʑiɾ tɕaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting flower' || ''n '''θ'''álb '''t'''jangeoban''<br/>/n tʰǎwp tɕaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting shops' || ''n '''k'''áz '''t'''jangeoban''<br/>/ŋ k⁼ǎz tɕaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting languages' || ''eo '''ngh'''éozir '''nh'''jangeoban''<br/>/ə ŋʰɔ̌ʑiɾ ɲʰaŋəban/<br/>'the interesting flowers'
|}
|}
*Comparative: ''tjangeoban'''teo''''' = more interesting
*Superlative: ''tjangeoban'''eob''''' = most interesting


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Ciètian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
====Finite verb inflection====
====Finite verb inflection====
Anbirese has 3 tenses:
All forms of an Anbirese verb are formed from four principal parts:
*Present tense: ''-ig'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
 
#the present absolute stem
#the imperative stem
#the past stem
#the bare infinitive stem
 
The forms of an Anbirese verb are the following:
*Present tense: PRESENT + ''-i'', negative ''θri'' + IMPERATIVE
*Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE  
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Future tense: ''aeb'' + IMPERATIVE
*Past tense: regularly ''-in''; induces split-ergativity
*Past tense: PAST + ''-i''; induces split-ergativity
*Imperative: IMPERATIVE
*''-eod'' infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
*bare infinitive: INFINITIVE


There is no aspect distinction.
There is no aspect distinction.


===="Non-finite" forms====
====Non-finite forms====
*The ''-eod'' infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
*The ''-eod'' infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
**with ''djeobjeol'', indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
**with ''djeobjeol'', indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing  
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing  
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive]
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the ''-a'' infinitive]
*The ''-a'' infinitive is mainly used to construct deranked time clauses (like the Biblical Hebrew bi- + infinite construct), and also
*The bare infinitive is mainly used to construct various deranked clauses, like the Biblical Hebrew infinite construct:
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates a reason clause
**with ''ok'' 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
***''Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo doreuk χjang.'' (be.PRES this much from my do.VN in try one) = This is too much for me to do all at once.
**with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause:
**with the accusative marker ''ljeo'', indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ''ljeo''-complement clause:
***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''seo/s'' + VERB-''a''
***''ljeo'' + SUBJECT + ''a'' + VERB-''a''
***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
***''ljeo'' + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
**It is also used to form the [[Anbirese/Syntax#Infinitive_absolute|infinitive absolute]].


====Split-ergativity====
====Split-ergativity====
Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.
Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.


That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.
That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object. When a direct object is present, the word order becomes VOS.


Examples:
Examples:
Line 301: Line 318:
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
'''Transitive verbs'''
'''Transitive verbs'''
:''Xabin '''u''' na.''
:''Chabin '''una'''.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
:eat.PRET from-1SG
:'I have eaten.'
:'I have eaten.'


:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
:''Chabin lagar '''una'''.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
:eat.PRET from-1SG DEF soup
:'I have eaten the bread.'
:'I have eaten the soup'


:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.''
:''A tjéobrjeong n keolsjang '''una ''' cha.''
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:'But I left the kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad there.'
:'But I left the ''glh schanng'' (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitive verbs'''
'''Intransitive verbs'''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
:''Eoseong eo maran.''
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:'The trees died.'
:'The trees died.'


:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.''
:''Farjeogin meo noγeol chaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}
====Strong verbs====
As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the ''-eod'' infinitive by using ablaut.


===Copula===
===Copula===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is zero copula in the present tense; ''ngu'', ''si'', ''jeo'' and ''thar'' can be used as present tense copulas.
Something complicated like Irish
 
The past tense copula is ''latheon'' and the infinitive is ''fath''.


===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, thar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they
na, skid, ang, i, jeo, pe, tid, skid, tar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they


There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fjeor'' 'thou'.
There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fjeor'' 'thou'.


===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
*ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}})
Prepositions inflect for person as in most Talmic languages.
**''ljeo-na, (ljeo-s,) lj-u, l-i, lj-eoz, lj-eom, ljeof, ljeok, ljur''
*''ljeo'' = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''Aeli na ljeon skuir/lje/ljeo Heojad'')
*djeo = in, at (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
**''ljeona, ljeok, ljang, lje, ljeoz, ljab, ljeof, ljeok, ljur''
**''djeo-na, (deo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-eom, djeof, djeok, djur''
*''djeo'' = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
**''djeona, djeok, djang, di, djeoz, djab, djeof, djeok, djur''
*''rjeo'' = of
** (possessed forms are used for emaphsis)
*''nae'' = with (inst.)
**''naemna, naebeok, naebang, naepi, naebeoz, naeb, naebeof, naebeok, naebur''
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
**''aemna, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebeom, aebeof, aebeok, aebur''
**''aemna, aebeok, aebang, aepi, aebeoz, aeb, aebeof, aebeok, aebur''
*''ljang'' = around, about
**''ljangna, ljangeok, ljang, ljanki, ljangeoz, ljangab, ljangeof, ljangeok, ljangur''
*''eor'' = at
**''eorna, eoreok, orang, eri, eoreoz, eorab, eoreof, eoreok, eorur''
*''hjel'' = like
**''hjelna, hjeleok, hjelang, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelab, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur''
*''θrjeo'' = with (comitative)
**''θrina, θrik, θrjang, θri, θriz, θrib, θrif, θrik, θrjur''
*''eor oed'' = against
*''ok'' = from (ok + eo/n > on)
**''ona, okeok, okang, eki, okeoz, okab, okeof, okeok, okur''


===Conjunctions===
===Conjunctions===
*''eok'' = and
*''lu'' = xor
===Numerals===
====Cardinal====
1-10 = chjang, tjedeor, nask, tob, sol, stang, rvaz, laz, paer, ngjor
11, 12, ... = jagjeong, xnae, nask ljang ngjor, tob ljang ngjor, etc.
====Ordinal====
chjameor, rjebjeor, naskeor, tobeor, soljeor, stangeor, rvazeor, lazeor, paerpeor, ngjoreor, jagjeor, xnaeëor, nask ljang ngjor-eor, etc.
===Derivational morphology===
===Derivational morphology===
====Native====
====Native====
Line 349: Line 395:
*-jeond/-eond = nominalizer
*-jeond/-eond = nominalizer
*-eog = nominalizer
*-eog = nominalizer
*-leon = nominalizer of adjectivesn̪̍
*-leon = nominalizer of adjectives
*mi- = mis-, pseudo-
*mi- = mis-, pseudo-


Line 359: Line 405:
:''More: [[Anbirese/Syntax]]
:''More: [[Anbirese/Syntax]]


==Sample text==
==Sample texts==
===From H2G2===
:'''''N jangtal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Toglaïn eom ngad djeo lib un san mje, eok aesjeong e eor fjen djeon daki sjeo ndoreukeond nknjet.'''''
:/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib ɔm ŋad əs ɛɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧə nuɾükənd ŋnjet/
:the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST person/PL many ADV greatly ERG-DEF thing this, and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as decision bad.
:''The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.''
 
===UDHR===
===UDHR===
:'''''Dakjeor ba γχar djeo hsjeok eok blje nae fraeχleod eok meorjeondeo. Oskjeonin har nae n masrin eok eo stvarnga, eok pjeozjeo areor djeo skrateon djeo ljes n jezeokleon so heosrag.'''''
:'''''Darkjeori ba h-eom djeo hsjeok eos blje naen fraechleod eos naen meorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen mabrin eos naen stvarnga, eos pjeol eorur, djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon aeb h-eosrag.'''''
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST dignity and right-PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST DEF reason and DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood to act.
:/daɾtɕəɾi ba hɔm dʑə ɧɔk əs bje nen fɾexləd əs nen mɔɾʲənd. uɧənin har nen mabɾin əs nen stwaɾŋa, əs pʲɔl ɔɾüɾ dʑə skɾatən dʑə jeswaɾ njezəkʟən eb hɔsɾag/
:be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood LJEO act.
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
:''All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]

Latest revision as of 18:43, 29 March 2022

Anbirese/Wordlist
Anbirese/Swadesh list
Anbirese/Names

Anbirese
Anbirjeong, kaz Anbirjeong
Created byInthar
SettingVerse:Tricin
Quame
  • Talmic
    • Tigolic
      • Anbirese
Official status
Official language in
Andaegor, Anbir, Musun, Anbir Sjeoreong (in the USB)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Anbirese (n gaz Anbirjeong /ən gaz anbirjəŋ/) is a major Talmic language descended from Tigol, inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. It is noted for its split-ergativity, like its close relative Ciètian. Anbirese is the official language of the Talman countries Anbir and Musun and of former colonies in Cualuav including Andaegor (from Tigol Aunḋ-Áeċur /ăŭnd aeguɾ/ 'sun's perch', a legendary landmass beyond the western Talman Ocean), a large country to the south of Fyxoom, and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language, after Eevo, in terms of number of speakers. Like with German, there is a Standard Anbirese and various regiolects.

Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern Anbirese rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma and parts of Etalocin. Today, Anbirese still enjoys a certain status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world. Anbirese is somewhat mutually intelligible with Ciètian (like German and Dutch).

External history

The idea of Anbirese began as "Tsjoen", before I decided to make it a Tigolic language. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft and Irish.

Todo

  • Tigol ct /kʰtʰ/ (from PTal xt/xθ) should become tt /tʰ:/ > /t/ because Norse
  • Turkish style evidentiality?
    • past participle is unmarked, preterite is hearsay
  • Inalienable v. alienable possession (genitive/prefixes for inalienable, an equivalent of "shel" for alienable)
  • ot, od > at, ad
  • Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, tyb, solj, stam, rvaz, laz, paerp, ngjor, jachim, knae
  • scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
  • obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
  • Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ʔinna and ʔanna
  • Swadesh list
  • Tigol > Anbirese sound changes
  • a verbalizer like -ować
  • urjeon = to do much
    • Used as an auxiliary (like Hebrew hirba): Urjeoni u ṡavri /üɾʲəni ü avɾi/ = he forgives often
  • Verb prefixes:
    • ar-: on, at > ar-
    • (deut.) as-: telic > ys-
    • (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at > dze-, do-
    • é-: with, co- > e-
    • fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly > fin-
    • for-: causative, through > for-
    • (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back > fl-
    • imm-: immediately > im-, m-, n-, ŋ-
    • (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out > gol-
    • ro-: down > ro-
    • sol-: a causative > sol-
    • (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards > su-
    • (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back > sor-
    • (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from > oc-

Vowel reflexes:

  • a e i o u > eo jeo je u eu
  • ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
  • á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o u
  • ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jo
  • eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
  • ae ao aoi > e eu eui
  • ia ua uai > ja veo vae

Phonology

Old Anbirese and Old Ciètian both underwent the so-called Anbirese spirantization of Tigol aspirated stops: p ṗ t ṫ c ċ /pʰ bʰ tʰ dʰ kʰ gʰ/ > OAnb /f v θ ð x ɣ/. Modern Anbirese subsequently shifted /θ/ to unaspirated t /t/, /t/ (from Tigol d) to θ /tʰ/, /ð/ to z /z/, and deleted /ɣ/.

Consonants

Anbirese has about 33 consonants:

  • /k g x ŋ/
  • /tɕ d͡ʑ tɕʰ ɲ/
  • /t d tʰ z (ʑ) n/
  • /p b f v m/
  • /pʲ bʲ fʲ vʲ mʲ/
  • /s ɕ ɧ h/
  • /ɾ ɾʲ ɹ j ɴ̆/ [w]

Anbirese has phonetic palatalization, indicated by writing Cj. Anbirese makes a distinction between palatalized consonants (written Cj) and iotated consonants (written Clj):

  • mjeg /mʲeg/ = to cover (cognate to Eevo mee 'to hide'); mljeg /mʲjeg/ = to sell (cognate to Eevo mleend 'shop')
  • sjeong 'sky', sljeong 'blossom, bloom'

[w] is an allophone of hard /v/ after consonants.

/t d tʰ s z n/ are dental(ized).

Notation

Radical consonants

  • k χ ng /k x ŋ/
  • kj χj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
  • t θ n /t tʰ n/
  • tj θj nj /tɕ tɕʰ ɲ/
  • c cj /ts tɕ/
  • p f m /p f m/
  • pj fj mj /pʲ fʲ mʲ/
  • s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
  • r l lj j /r ɴ̆ l j/

At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.

Lenited consonants

  • g γ /g Ø/
  • gj γj /d͡ʑ j/
  • d z /d z/
  • dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
  • dz dzj /dz d͡ʑ/
  • b v /b v/
  • bj vj /bʲ vʲ/

Eclipsed consonants

  • ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
  • nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
  • n nh /n nʰ/
  • m mh mj mhj /m mʰ mʲ mʲʰ/

Mutations

Anbirese has 3 types of mutations: lenition, eclipsis, and h-prothesis.

Consonant mutations
grapheme m p f t θ c s* z k ch 0, j
soft ng b h z d dz 0 - g 0 -
nasal - m v nh n - z - ng ngh n(j)-
h-prothesis - - - - - - - - - - h(j)-

Null-initial words may get h-prothesis after certain words.

*The clusters written sp, st, sk do not mutate.

Vowels

Anbirese has 7 vowel phonemes. eu /ɨ/ may be treated as a hard counterpart of i /i/: mi ni pi ti ci ki bi di gi fi vi are read as mji nji pji tji cji kji bji dji gji fji vji. si zi li are an exception: they're pronounced [ɕi ʑi ɲi].

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i /i/ u /ü/ eu [ɨ] o /o~u/
Mid ae, e /e̞/ oe /ø~œ/ eo [ə] eo /ʌ~ɔ/
Open a /ɐ/

Stress

Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.

Intonation

Standard Anbirese is not tonal; it has an intonation like Seoul Korean.

Dialectology

Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese-speaking countries.

Anbir

Anbir has more dialectal diversity. Some dialects still use the preterite conjugation inherited from Tigol instead of the participle form

Musun

Orthography

Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.

Vocabulary

Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of Swuntsim loanwords. Many Tseer and Windermere loans are considered archaic today.

Morphology

Mutations

Like Ciètian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.

Nouns

Like its close relative Ciètian, Anbirese has three genders for nouns (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Standard Anbirese has nominative and genitive cases, but many Anbirese dialects have lost all inflection.

Definite article

Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is

  • eo before nasals and resonants (except /j/): eo mar [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
  • n before other consonants (where it is pronounced /ɨn/) and before vowels (where it is pronounced /n/): n cheozir [ɨn xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; n abeoz [n‿àbə̂z] 'the book'

The above rule operates after the word is mutated for number/gender marking.

TODO: definite article mutations by gender

Definite article
singular plural
m. f. n. m. f. n.
eclipsis lenition no mut. h-prothesis h-prothesis eclipsis
Example eo mpran
'the corner'
n gkaz
'the language'
n cheozir
'the flower'
n prán
'the corners'
n káz
'the languages'
eo nghéozir
'the flowers'

Plural nouns

A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.

  • mar /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
  • már /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees

However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:

  • íms /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
  • imseot /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ímseot)

Musunese Anbirese always uses -eot for the plural.

Adjectives

Predicate adjectives are uninflected. Attributive adjectives agree with nouns in gender and number by mutations.

Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).

TODO: degree

Adjective inflection
singular plural
m. f. n. m. f. n.
eclipsis lenition no mut. no mut. no mut. eclipsis
Example eo nalb nhjangeoban
/ə nawp ɲʰaŋəban/
'the interesting shop'
n gaz zjangeoban
/ŋ gaz ɹaŋəban/
'the interesting language'
n cheozir tjangeoban
/ŋ xəʑiɾ tɕaŋəban/
'the interesting flower'
n θálb tjangeoban
/n tʰǎwp tɕaŋəban/
'the interesting shops'
n káz tjangeoban
/ŋ k⁼ǎz tɕaŋəban/
'the interesting languages'
eo nghéozir nhjangeoban
/ə ŋʰɔ̌ʑiɾ ɲʰaŋəban/
'the interesting flowers'
  • Comparative: tjangeobanteo = more interesting
  • Superlative: tjangeobaneob = most interesting

Verbs

Verbs are conservative and similar to Ciètian, with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in Skellan.

Finite verb inflection

All forms of an Anbirese verb are formed from four principal parts:

  1. the present absolute stem
  2. the imperative stem
  3. the past stem
  4. the bare infinitive stem

The forms of an Anbirese verb are the following:

  • Present tense: PRESENT + -i, negative θri + IMPERATIVE
  • Subjunctive (after preverbs): also IMPERATIVE
  • Future tense: aeb + IMPERATIVE
  • Past tense: PAST + -i; induces split-ergativity
  • Imperative: IMPERATIVE
  • -eod infinitive: PRESENT + -eod
  • bare infinitive: INFINITIVE

There is no aspect distinction.

Non-finite forms

  • The -eod infinitive is used with some modal verbs.
    • with djeobjeol, indicates purpose: "in order to VERB"
    • with ok 'from', indicates stopping, avoiding, or preventing from VERBing
    • with ast 'without', indicates "without VERBing" [Dialects may use the -a infinitive]
  • The bare infinitive is mainly used to construct various deranked clauses, like the Biblical Hebrew infinite construct:
    • with djeo 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
    • with eor 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
    • with nae 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a reason or purpose clause: "by VERBing" or "because of VERBing"
    • with ok 'from', indicates being "beyond VERBing, or preventing from VERBing", or when possessed, "beyond the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
      • Lae mi kai ok neo soela djeo doreuk χjang. (be.PRES this much from my do.VN in try one) = This is too much for me to do all at once.
    • with the accusative marker ljeo, indicates a complement clause. There are two possible syntaxes for the ljeo-complement clause:
      • ljeo + SUBJECT + a + VERB-a
      • ljeo + VERB + SUBJECT (possessed verbal noun)
    • It is also used to form the infinitive absolute.

Split-ergativity

Anbirese has split-ergativity: past tense verbs display ergative alignment, and non-past tense verbs have accusative alignment.

That is, the subject is marked with the preposition u for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object. When a direct object is present, the word order becomes VOS.

Examples:

Transitive verbs

Chabin una.
eat.PRET from-1SG
'I have eaten.'
Chabin lagar una.
eat.PRET from-1SG DEF soup
'I have eaten the soup'
A tjéobrjeong n keolsjang una cha.
but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
'But I left the glh schanng (kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad) there.'

Intransitive verbs

Eoseong eo maran.
die.PRET DEF tree/PL
'The trees died.'
Farjeogin meo noγeol chaltan.
return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
'Our dogs finally returned.'


Strong verbs

As in Germanic, some Anbirese verbs form the past tense and the -eod infinitive by using ablaut.

Copula

Something complicated like Irish

Pronouns

na, skid, ang, i, jeo, pe, tid, skid, tar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they

There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun fjeor 'thou'.

Prepositions

Prepositions inflect for person as in most Talmic languages.

  • ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern Anbirese: Aeli na ljeon skuir/lje/ljeo Heojad)
    • ljeona, ljeok, ljang, lje, ljeoz, ljab, ljeof, ljeok, ljur
  • djeo = in (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
    • djeona, djeok, djang, di, djeoz, djab, djeof, djeok, djur
  • rjeo = of
    • (possessed forms are used for emaphsis)
  • nae = with (inst.)
    • naemna, naebeok, naebang, naepi, naebeoz, naeb, naebeof, naebeok, naebur
  • ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
    • aemna, aebeok, aebang, aepi, aebeoz, aeb, aebeof, aebeok, aebur
  • ljang = around, about
    • ljangna, ljangeok, ljang, ljanki, ljangeoz, ljangab, ljangeof, ljangeok, ljangur
  • eor = at
    • eorna, eoreok, orang, eri, eoreoz, eorab, eoreof, eoreok, eorur
  • hjel = like
    • hjelna, hjeleok, hjelang, hjeli, hjeleoz, hjelab, hjeleof, hjeleok, hjerur
  • θrjeo = with (comitative)
    • θrina, θrik, θrjang, θri, θriz, θrib, θrif, θrik, θrjur
  • eor oed = against
  • ok = from (ok + eo/n > on)
    • ona, okeok, okang, eki, okeoz, okab, okeof, okeok, okur

Conjunctions

  • eok = and
  • lu = xor

Numerals

Cardinal

1-10 = chjang, tjedeor, nask, tob, sol, stang, rvaz, laz, paer, ngjor

11, 12, ... = jagjeong, xnae, nask ljang ngjor, tob ljang ngjor, etc.

Ordinal

chjameor, rjebjeor, naskeor, tobeor, soljeor, stangeor, rvazeor, lazeor, paerpeor, ngjoreor, jagjeor, xnaeëor, nask ljang ngjor-eor, etc.

Derivational morphology

Native

  • -a = verbalizer
  • ba- = sub-
  • -eod = nominalizer
  • -jeond/-eond = nominalizer
  • -eog = nominalizer
  • -leon = nominalizer of adjectives
  • mi- = mis-, pseudo-

Foreign

  • ing- = verbalizer (Wdm.)
  • bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)

Syntax

More: Anbirese/Syntax

Sample texts

From H2G2

N jangtal mokstin: Djeon hslakeort farsngoein eo tartsor. Toglaïn eom ngad djeo lib un san mje, eok aesjeong e eor fjen djeon daki sjeo ndoreukeond nknjet.
/n‿jaŋtʰal mokst⁼in | dʑən hʟak⁼ərt farsŋœin ə t⁼arts⁼ur | tʰuglain ün zan mje ʟib ɔm ŋad əs ɛɧɔŋ e əɾ fjen dʑən datɕ⁼i ɧə nuɾükənd ŋnjet/
the story so_far: in-DEF beginning create-PST DEF universe. anger-PAST person/PL many ADV greatly ERG-DEF thing this, and meet/PST it at eye/PL in-DEF wideness as decision bad.
The story so far: In the beginning the universe was created. This has made many people very angry and been widely regarded as a bad move.

UDHR

Darkjeori ba h-eom djeo hsjeok eos blje naen fraechleod eos naen meorjeond. Oskjeonin har naen mabrin eos naen stvarnga, eos pjeol eorur, djeo skrateon djeo ljesvar n jezeokleon aeb h-eosrag.
/daɾtɕəɾi ba hɔm dʑə ɧɔk əs bje nen fɾexləd əs nen mɔɾʲənd. uɧənin har nen mabɾin əs nen stwaɾŋa, əs pʲɔl ɔɾüɾ dʑə skɾatən dʑə jeswaɾ njezəkʟən eb hɔsɾag/
be_born-PRES all human PRED free and same INST-DEF dignity and INST-DEF right/PL. endow-PAST 3PL INST-DEF reason and INST-DEF conscience, and part on-3PL ADV mutual in spirit DEF brotherhood LJEO act.
All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.