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Anbirese/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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The overall syntax of Anbirese resembles that of [[w:Irish|Irish]] or [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]]. | The overall syntax of Anbirese resembles that of [[w:Irish|Irish]] or [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]]. Anbirese is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs. | ||
==Constituent order== | ==Constituent order== | ||
Anbirese is almost completely head-initial, except for compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. | Anbirese is almost completely head-initial, except for compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. Question words may be placed before the verb, after the subject, or after the direct object. However, no constituent may come between the verb and the subject, unlike in Hebrew. Like Irish and unlike Eevo, Anbirese is far from being topic-prominent, and is more focus-prominent. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=Þjeon ael | |phrase=Þjeon s' ael skidngeo ljeonngeo? | ||
|gloss=why love/PRES 2SG-EMPH ACC-1SG-EMPH | |gloss=why REL love/PRES 2SG-EMPH ACC-1SG-EMPH | ||
|IPA=/ | |IPA=/ɕɔ̀n s‿ɛw skìdNə jɔ̀nNə/ | ||
|translation=Why do *you* love *me*? | |translation=Why do *you* love *me*? | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Adjectives always follow their head nouns. | Adjectives always follow their head nouns. | ||
:''''' | :'''''eo skradeui flum''''' | ||
:''the black spider'' | :''the black spider'' | ||
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===Infinitive absolute=== | ===Infinitive absolute=== | ||
Similar to [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]], | Similar to the infinitive absolute in [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]], [bare infinitive] + ''a'' + [finite verb] + SUBJECT [lit. it is a VERBing that SUBJECT VERBs] is an emphatic construction meaning 'surely/indeed VERBs; VERBs anyway'. The conjunct/imperative form is used for the finite verb instead of the absolute. | ||
:'''''Flis subdeor a subdeoram ljeoz djeo padleo.''''' | |||
:but send.BARE_INF A send-1PL.EXC ACC-it anyway | |||
:''But we're going to send it anyway.'' | |||
The infinitive absolute is much more common in Anbirese than in [[Skellan]], where it is a bit literary. | |||
===Circumstantial verbs=== | ===Circumstantial verbs=== | ||
Circumstantial verbs are formed with djeo + VN: | Circumstantial verbs are formed with djeo + VN: | ||
*''Xjerin | *''Xjerin u xjer djeo hngima eos djeo ṁoela'' = 'He entered praising and thanking' | ||
===Accusative with infinitive=== | ===Accusative with infinitive=== | ||
The accusative particle ''ljeo'' can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle '' | The accusative particle ''ljeo'' can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle ''ae'' 'to'. | ||
:''''' | :'''''Togni na ljeo mród ae slang aeb Inθár.''''' | ||
: | :think-PRES 1SG ACC apple-PL INF good to Inθar. | ||
:''I think Inθar likes apples.'' | :''I think Inθar likes apples.'' | ||
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When the subject is a definite noun, the pronoun is not mandatory with predicative adjectives: | When the subject is a definite noun, the pronoun is not mandatory with predicative adjectives: | ||
:'''''Ard hi | :'''''Ard (hi) eo skuil.''''' | ||
:/aɾd çi | :/aɾd (çi) ə skuiɴ/ | ||
:''The woman is tall.'' | :''The woman is tall.'' | ||
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"X has" uses a similar construction to existentials: | "X has" uses a similar construction to existentials: | ||
:''''' | :'''''Lid sob ljeona.''''' | ||
:to-1SG dog | :to-1SG dog | ||
:''I have a dog.'' (lit. To me is a dog.) | :''I have a dog.'' (lit. To me is a dog.) | ||
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In the preterite: | In the preterite: | ||
*'' | *''Θva rjeo vforxin um eo svas?'' = Who fed the man? | ||
*'' | *''Θva rjeo vforxin u n svas?'' = Whom did the man feed? | ||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
*{{abbtip|/ | *{{abbtip|/əs/|''eos''}}: 'and' | ||
*{{abbtip|/sü/|''su''}}: 'or' | *{{abbtip|/sü/|''su''}}: 'or' | ||
*''ju'' = nor | *''ju'' = nor | ||
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*{{abbtip|/ˈɾinjə/|''rinjeo''}}: negative form of ''ri'' | *{{abbtip|/ˈɾinjə/|''rinjeo''}}: negative form of ''ri'' | ||
*{{abbtip|/va/|''va''}}: 'that (complement clause)' | *{{abbtip|/va/|''va''}}: 'that (complement clause)' | ||
*{{abbtip|/xwin/|'' | *{{abbtip|/xwin/|''xvin''}}: because | ||
*{{abbtip|/dʑer/|''djer''}}: when | *{{abbtip|/dʑer/|''djer''}}: when | ||
*'' | *''xvart'' = then | ||
===Answers to yes-no questions=== | ===Answers to yes-no questions=== | ||
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===Wishes/Jussive=== | ===Wishes/Jussive=== | ||
Wishes can be formed by using ''θumi'' (< Tigol ''tuaḃ mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense. | Wishes can be formed by using ''θumi'' (< Tigol ''tuaḃ ṁa mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense. | ||
==Dependent clauses== | ==Dependent clauses== | ||
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Anbirese makes a distinction between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses. | Anbirese makes a distinction between restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses. | ||
The relativizer ''rjeo<sup>N</sup> | The relativizer ''rjeo''<sup>N</sup> ''rjeon'' before vowels, negative ''rinjeo'') is used for restrictive relative clauses. A resumptive pronoun may be used when the head is not the subject of the relative clause, and is mandatory when the head is a prepositional object or a possessor. For clarity, the emphatic clitic ''-neo'' may be added to the resumptive pronoun, especially in formal registers. | ||
Verbs in relative clauses may be placed anywhere within the relative clause, subject to the constraint that the verb and (syntactic) subject may not be separated unless the head of the relative clause is the subject. If the head of the relative clause is its subject, then the appropriate participial form of the verb is mutated or inflected like an adjective. Otherwise, the relativizer ''rjeo-N'' is used. | Verbs in relative clauses may be placed anywhere within the relative clause, subject to the constraint that the verb and (syntactic) subject may not be separated unless the head of the relative clause is the subject. If the head of the relative clause is its subject, then the appropriate participial form of the verb is mutated or inflected like an adjective. Otherwise, the relativizer ''rjeo-N'' is used. | ||
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:''the spirit that endures suffering'' (lit. the spirit enduring suffering) | :''the spirit that endures suffering'' (lit. the spirit enduring suffering) | ||
:'''''eo ljést rjeo zlaez hi ( | :'''''eo ljést rjeo zlaez hi (lje(neo))''''' | ||
:''the spirit that she shows'' | :''the spirit that she shows'' | ||
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Nominalized relative clauses use ''kvar'' 'those': | Nominalized relative clauses use ''kvar'' 'those': | ||
:'''''kvar eo mimó | :'''''kvar eo mimó jeo''''' | ||
:''those who misuse it'' | :''those who misuse it'' | ||
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An example with ''djeo'' 'at': | An example with ''djeo'' 'at': | ||
:'''''djeo | :'''''djeo argjeoran na ar eo lóegu'm''''' | ||
:at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG 1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M 3SG.M | :at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG 1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M 3SG.M | ||
:''when I was keeping watch on his things'' | :''when I was keeping watch on his things'' | ||
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For emphasizing the object, "want/need/etc. an X to Y", a resumptive pronoun can be used after the verbal noun. (Alternatively the emphatic clitic -nna can be used on X.) | For emphasizing the object, "want/need/etc. an X to Y", a resumptive pronoun can be used after the verbal noun. (Alternatively the emphatic clitic -nna can be used on X.) | ||
:''''' | :'''''Gjelna tanneo eo djeosk ljeoz!''''' | ||
: | :want-1SG something to eat.VN 3SG.N-DEP | ||
:''I want something to eat!'' | :''I want something to eat!'' | ||
:''''' | :'''''Tri harngin aemna, ljeoz eo aegir.''''' | ||
:''I didn't succeed in finding it.'' | :''I didn't succeed in finding it.'' | ||
The infinitive-final order arose from constructions corresponding to modal verbs in English: originally the order was something similar to {{recon|'' | The infinitive-final order arose from constructions corresponding to modal verbs in English: originally the order was something similar to {{recon|''Areon gnúi enŋ''}} ("on-1SG drink.VN water"), then ''Areon jeoneong ljeo gnui'' (originally "I want water to drink") became more common, eventually to the exclusion of the original construction, which is archaic or high-register today for common modal expressions. | ||
===Passive constructions=== | ===Passive constructions=== | ||
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===Syntactic pivots=== | ===Syntactic pivots=== | ||
In normal registers, syntactic pivoting (the practice of omitting a subject entirely in a clause when the previous clause has it as a subject | In normal registers, syntactic pivoting (the practice of omitting a subject entirely in a clause when the previous clause has it as a subject) is disallowed for verbs: a pronoun can be used as a subject in the following clause if the previous clause has its antecedent as its subject. E.g. ''He will take my gift and go'' would be translated as ''Tobθjeo hu ljeo neo mid, eos θeorθjeo hu''. However, it is used for adjectives: "Dark am I yet beautiful" can be translated as ''Moct na, a sumeon''. | ||
[[Category:Anbirese]] | [[Category:Anbirese]] | ||