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Anbirese/Syntax: Difference between revisions
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The overall syntax of Anbirese resembles that of [[w:Irish|Irish]] or [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]]. Anbirese is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs. | The overall syntax of Anbirese resembles that of [[w:Irish|Irish]] or [[w:Biblical Hebrew|Biblical Hebrew]]. Anbirese is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs. | ||
==Constituent order== | ==Constituent order== | ||
Anbirese is almost completely head-initial, except for compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. | Anbirese is almost completely head-initial, except for compound words which are head-final. The constituent order is VSO. Question words may be placed before the verb, after the subject, or after the direct object. However, no constituent may come between the verb and the subject, unlike in Hebrew. Like Irish and unlike Eevo, Anbirese is far from being topic-prominent, and is more focus-prominent. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=Þjeon ael | |phrase=Þjeon s' ael skidngeo ljeonngeo? | ||
|gloss=why love/PRES 2SG-EMPH ACC-1SG-EMPH | |gloss=why REL love/PRES 2SG-EMPH ACC-1SG-EMPH | ||
|IPA=/ | |IPA=/ɕɔ̀n s‿ɛw skìdNə jɔ̀nNə/ | ||
|translation=Why do *you* love *me*? | |translation=Why do *you* love *me*? | ||
}} | }} | ||
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Adjectives always follow their head nouns. | Adjectives always follow their head nouns. | ||
:''''' | :'''''eo skradeui flum''''' | ||
:''the black spider'' | :''the black spider'' | ||
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Circumstantial verbs are formed with djeo + VN: | Circumstantial verbs are formed with djeo + VN: | ||
*''Xjerin | *''Xjerin u xjer djeo hngima eos djeo ṁoela'' = 'He entered praising and thanking' | ||
===Accusative with infinitive=== | ===Accusative with infinitive=== | ||
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When the subject is a definite noun, the pronoun is not mandatory with predicative adjectives: | When the subject is a definite noun, the pronoun is not mandatory with predicative adjectives: | ||
:'''''Ard hi | :'''''Ard (hi) eo skuil.''''' | ||
:/aɾd çi | :/aɾd (çi) ə skuiɴ/ | ||
:''The woman is tall.'' | :''The woman is tall.'' | ||
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"X has" uses a similar construction to existentials: | "X has" uses a similar construction to existentials: | ||
:''''' | :'''''Lid sob ljeona.''''' | ||
:to-1SG dog | :to-1SG dog | ||
:''I have a dog.'' (lit. To me is a dog.) | :''I have a dog.'' (lit. To me is a dog.) | ||
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Who- and what-questions use cleft constructions, using the interrogative in conjunction with a relative clause describing it. | Who- and what-questions use cleft constructions, using the interrogative in conjunction with a relative clause describing it. | ||
*''Θva (n) | *''Θva (n) forx eo svas?'' = Who feeds the man? (lit. Who is it that feeds...) | ||
*''Θva rjeo | *''Θva rjeo vforx eo svas?'' = Whom does the man feed? | ||
In the preterite: | In the preterite: | ||
*''Θva rjeo | *''Θva rjeo vforxin um eo svas?'' = Who fed the man? | ||
*''Θva rjeo | *''Θva rjeo vforxin u n svas?'' = Whom did the man feed? | ||
===Conjunctions=== | ===Conjunctions=== | ||
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*{{abbtip|/ˈɾinjə/|''rinjeo''}}: negative form of ''ri'' | *{{abbtip|/ˈɾinjə/|''rinjeo''}}: negative form of ''ri'' | ||
*{{abbtip|/va/|''va''}}: 'that (complement clause)' | *{{abbtip|/va/|''va''}}: 'that (complement clause)' | ||
*{{abbtip|/xwin/|'' | *{{abbtip|/xwin/|''xvin''}}: because | ||
*{{abbtip|/dʑer/|''djer''}}: when | *{{abbtip|/dʑer/|''djer''}}: when | ||
*'' | *''xvart'' = then | ||
===Answers to yes-no questions=== | ===Answers to yes-no questions=== | ||
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===Wishes/Jussive=== | ===Wishes/Jussive=== | ||
Wishes can be formed by using ''θumi'' (< Tigol ''tuaḃ mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense. | Wishes can be formed by using ''θumi'' (< Tigol ''tuaḃ ṁa mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense. | ||
==Dependent clauses== | ==Dependent clauses== | ||
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Nominalized relative clauses use ''kvar'' 'those': | Nominalized relative clauses use ''kvar'' 'those': | ||
:'''''kvar eo mimó | :'''''kvar eo mimó jeo''''' | ||
:''those who misuse it'' | :''those who misuse it'' | ||
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For emphasizing the object, "want/need/etc. an X to Y", a resumptive pronoun can be used after the verbal noun. (Alternatively the emphatic clitic -nna can be used on X.) | For emphasizing the object, "want/need/etc. an X to Y", a resumptive pronoun can be used after the verbal noun. (Alternatively the emphatic clitic -nna can be used on X.) | ||
:''''' | :'''''Gjelna tanneo eo djeosk ljeoz!''''' | ||
: | :want-1SG something to eat.VN 3SG.N-DEP | ||
:''I want something to eat!'' | :''I want something to eat!'' | ||
:''''' | :'''''Tri harngin aemna, ljeoz eo aegir.''''' | ||
:''I didn't succeed in finding it.'' | :''I didn't succeed in finding it.'' | ||
The infinitive-final order arose from constructions corresponding to modal verbs in English: originally the order was something similar to {{recon|'' | The infinitive-final order arose from constructions corresponding to modal verbs in English: originally the order was something similar to {{recon|''Areon gnúi enŋ''}} ("on-1SG drink.VN water"), then ''Areon jeoneong ljeo gnui'' (originally "I want water to drink") became more common, eventually to the exclusion of the original construction, which is archaic or high-register today for common modal expressions. | ||
===Passive constructions=== | ===Passive constructions=== | ||
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===Syntactic pivots=== | ===Syntactic pivots=== | ||
In normal registers, syntactic pivoting (the practice of omitting a subject entirely in a clause when the previous clause has it as a subject) is disallowed for verbs: a pronoun can be used as a subject in the following clause if the previous clause has its antecedent as its subject. E.g. ''He will take my gift and go'' would be translated as ''Tobθjeo hu neo mid eos θeorθjeo hu''. However, it is used for adjectives: "Dark am I yet beautiful" can be translated as ''Moct na, a sumeon''. | In normal registers, syntactic pivoting (the practice of omitting a subject entirely in a clause when the previous clause has it as a subject) is disallowed for verbs: a pronoun can be used as a subject in the following clause if the previous clause has its antecedent as its subject. E.g. ''He will take my gift and go'' would be translated as ''Tobθjeo hu ljeo neo mid, eos θeorθjeo hu''. However, it is used for adjectives: "Dark am I yet beautiful" can be translated as ''Moct na, a sumeon''. | ||
[[Category:Anbirese]] | [[Category:Anbirese]] | ||