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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. | Druidic Canaanite was written in an abjad descended from the Proto-Hebrew script. Incantations were completely vocalized, other religious texts less so. | ||
Since /ʔ/ and /h/ merged completely, the letter he was only used for a few function words and particles such as the definite article ''ʔaC-''. | |||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged: | Out of the 25 consonants of Pre-Exilic Biblical Hebrew, Druidic Canaanite merged: | ||
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* /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/ | * /ɬ/ with /t/ (taw) into /θ/ | ||
* /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | * /ʕ/ and /ɣ/ into /ɣ̃/ | ||
* /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.) | * /h/ and /ʔ/ into /ʔ~ɦ~Ø/ ([h] was an allophone used for emphasis.) | ||
/m p b f v n t d | /m p b f v n t d tʰ θ ð ts s tsʰ ʃ ɣ̃ ħ k g kʰ x ɣ l w j r ʔ~ɦ~Ø/ {{angbr|''m p b f v n t d ᴛ θ δ z s c š ȝ ħ k g ᴋ χ γ l w y r ʔ''}} | ||
/l/ allophonically velarized before C. | /l/ allophonically velarized before C. | ||
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The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', from Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''. | The Biblical feminine singular ending ''*-ā́'' became unstressed ''-ā'', and the stress in feminine singular nouns in ''-ā'' shifted to penultimate (by analogy with masculine singular adjectives and 3fs perfect verbs). Other possible feminine endings are ''-t'', ''-θ'' or ''-δ''. Eventually stress shifted away from gender/number suffixes across the board: The regular masculine and feminine plural endings were unstressed ''-īm'' and unstressed ''-ōδ'', from Biblical Hebrew ''*-ī́m'' and ''*-ṓt''. | ||
Often ''-ā'' is found where Standard Jewish Hebrew has ''-t''. | |||
The construct state was | The construct state was much more predictable than in Tiberian Hebrew. | ||
Example with ''sūs'' 'horse' and ''sūsā'' 'female horse': | Example with ''sūs'' 'horse' and ''sūsā'' 'female horse': | ||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | ||
|+ ''' | |+ '''Noun declension''' | ||
! number | ! number | ||
!colspan=2| singular | !colspan=2| singular | ||
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| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/ | | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsē'' <br/> /ˈsuːseː/ | ||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sūsōδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/ | | 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅𐤕 ''sūsōδ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːð/ | ||
|- | |||
! "my" | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsiː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sūsaδī'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðiː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉 ''sūsê'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉 ''sūsuδê'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːː/ | |||
|- | |||
! "thy" (m) | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sū́saγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣa/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sū́saδaγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣa/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sūsēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣa/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sūsuδēγa'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣa/ | |||
|- | |||
! "thy" (f) | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊 ''sūsaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣɛ/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊 ''sūsaδaγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊 ''sūsēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣɛ/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊 ''sūsuδēγe'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣɛ/ | |||
|- | |||
! "his" | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤅 ''sūsō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕 ''sūsaδō'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣɛ/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤅 ''sūsô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsoːː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤅 ''sūsuδô'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðoːː/ | |||
|- | |||
! "her" | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤀 ''sūsâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤀 ''sūsaδâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sūseʔâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːseʔaːː/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤀 ''sūsuδēʔâ'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːʔaːː/ | |||
|- | |||
! "our" | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤍 ''sūsinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsinu/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤍 ''sūsaδinu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðinu/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤍 ''sūsēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːnu/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤍 ''sūsuδēnu'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːnu/ | |||
|- | |||
! "y'all's" (m) | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤌 ''sūsaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣem/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤌 ''sūsaδaγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣem/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sūsēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣem/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤌 ''sūsuδēγem'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣem/ | |||
|- | |||
! "y'all's" (f) | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaɣen/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤊𐤍 ''sūsaδaγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaɣen/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sūsēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːɣen/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤊𐤍 ''sūsuδēγen'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːɣen/ | |||
|- | |||
! "their" (m) | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤌 ''sūsām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːm/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤌 ''sūsaδām'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːm/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤌 ''sūsêm'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːm/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤌 ''sūsuδêm'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːm/ | |||
|- | |||
! "their" (f) | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤀𐤍 ''sūsān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaːn/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤀𐤍 ''sūsaδān'' <br/> /ˈsuːsaðaːn/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sūsên'' <br/> /ˈsuːseːːn/ | |||
| 𐤎𐤅𐤎𐤕𐤉𐤀𐤍 ''sūsuδên'' <br/> /ˈsuːsuðeːːn/ | |||
|} | |} | ||
===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use. | All 7 binyanim of Biblical Hebrew were in use. Druidic Canaanite also had a binyan ''fuȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'') which merged completely with ''fuȝȝal'' in Tiberian Hebrew. | ||
Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew: | Verbs inherited the following forms from Biblical Hebrew: | ||
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|colspan=10| ''šamṓr'' | |colspan=10| ''šamṓr'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Binyan ''fuȝal'' (passive of ''faȝal'')==== | |||
====Binyan ''nivȝal'' (nifʕal)==== | |||
====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)==== | ====Binyan ''fiȝȝil'' (piʕʕel)==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! participle | ! participle | ||
|colspan=10| '' | |colspan=10| ''migattíl'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! infinitive construct | ! infinitive construct | ||
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|colspan=10| ''kattíl'' | |colspan=10| ''kattíl'' | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Binyan ''fuȝȝal'' (puʕal)==== | |||
====Binyan ''hivȝīl'' (hifʕil)==== | |||
====Binyan ''huvȝal'' (hufʕal)==== | |||
====Binyan ''hiðvaȝȝil'' (hithpaʕʕel)==== | |||
====Gzarot==== | |||
:''Main article: [[Druidic Canaanite/Gzarot]]'' | |||
==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
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===ʔ=== | ===ʔ=== | ||
*''ʔilô'' (pl. ''ʔilṓʔīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami'' | *''ʔilô'' (pl. ''ʔilṓʔīm'') = an animistic spirit, like a Japanese ''kami'' | ||
*'' | *''ʔašírā'' = the spirit of a tree | ||
===z=== | ===z=== | ||
*''zadā'' = defect, crookedness | *''zadā? zidā?'' = defect, crookedness (זדה is a hapax legomena in the Siloam inscription) | ||
===n=== | ===n=== | ||
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**''níᴛfā'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH) | **''níᴛfā'' = spiritual intuition or inspiration (from a root meaning 'dropping, prophecy' in BH) | ||
===ȝ=== | ===ȝ=== | ||
*'' | *''ȝarábā'' = willow | ||
===r=== | ===r=== | ||
*'' | *''rimmṓn'' = pomegranate | ||
===š=== | ===š=== | ||
===ś=== | ===ś=== | ||
[[Category:Semitic languages]] | [[Category:Semitic languages]] |
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