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Ash (view source)

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|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=ehhea
|phrase=ehheas
|IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçɛ̯ɑː]
|IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçɛ̯ɑːs̠]
|gloss=PROX-TR-see.IND
|gloss=PROX-TR-see.IND-CONJ
|translation=I am looking at it
|translation=I am looking at it
}}
}}


|{{gloss
|{{gloss
|phrase=essea
|phrase=esseas
|IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕɛ̯ɑː]
|IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕɛ̯ɑːs̠]
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.IND
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.IND-CONJ
|translation=it is looking at me
|translation=it is looking at me
}}
}}
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| ''ao go <u>sãã</u> ohhoo'' "Ao who was drinking water"
| ''ao go <u>sãã</u> ohhoo'' "Ao who was drinking water"
| ''<u>sãã sa</u> ao ohhoo'' "it was water Ao was drinking"
| ''<u>sãã sa</u> ao ohhoo'' "it was water Ao was drinking"
|}
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===
While Ash lacks a set of first, second and third person pronouns, a system of so called conjunct versus disjunct verb forms can be used in combination with transitivity markers and deixis in order to more or less unambiguously cover the same ground. This concept is also known in the literature as assertor's involvement marking, which might give the reader a clearer idea of the concept: verbs are marked for whether the one making an assertion is involved in the action (conjunct) or not (disjunct). Unlike in some languages with a similar system, in Ash there is no connection to volition.
In simple statements the assertor defaults to the speaker (i.e. first person) but in questions to the addressee (second person). In reported speech the assertor defaults to the source of the quote and may therefore also take on a third person role. First and second person roles are associated with proximal deixis while third person is associated with distal deixis or an explicit nominal.
Conjunct is marked by the suffix ''-s'' and disjunct is unmarked.
====Simple intransitives====
In simple statements proximal deixis combined with a conjunct verb denotes a first person while combined with a disjunct verb it denotes a second person whereas in questions this is flipped. Distal deixis or an explicit nominal denotes a third person in both cases. Note that there is no number distinction and so first person can imply both "I" and "we" but for the sake of space only one translation is given for each example.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Declarative
! colspan="2" | Interrogative
|-
! Proximal
! Distal
! Proximal
! Distal
|-
! Conjunct
| ''(ee) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale"
| -
| ''(ee) oada<u>s</u> no?''<br />"are you pale?"
| -
|-
! Disjunct
| ''(ee) oada''<br />"you are pale"
| ''(oo) oada''<br />"they are pale"
| ''(ee) oada no?''<br />"am I pale?"
| ''(oo) oada no?''<br />"are they pale?"
|}
====Simple transitives====
Simple transitive clauses work much the same way but the choice between a direct transitive or inverse transitive marker affects the meaning as well and is the only way to differentiate between subject and object roles when the referents are first and second person.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="3" |
! colspan="4" | Declarative
|-
! colspan="2" |  Proximal
! colspan="2" |  Distal
|-
! Direct
! Inverse
! Direct
! Inverse
|-
! Conjunct
| ''(ee) ahhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you"
| ''(ee) assea<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me"
| ''(oo) ahhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them"
| ''(oo) assea<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me"
|-
! Disjunct
| ''(ee) ahhea''<br />"you look at them"
| ''(ee) assea''<br />"they look at you"
| ''(oo) ahhea''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>"
| ''(oo) assea''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>"
|}
The interrogative forms are the same except for inversion of the first and second person. As the last two examples show, the choice of transitivity marker can also serve as a proximate-obviative distinction.
====Reported speech====
In quotations the conjunct versus disjunct distinction instead focuses on the source of the quote, but only in the subclause. Again this may serve as proximate-obviative distinction. This means that it is possible to mark distal referents as conjunct in such subclauses.
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | Proximal
! Distal
|-
! Conjunct source
! Disjunct source
! Disjunct source
|-
! Conjunct target
| ''(ee) oase<u>s</u> (ee) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale"
| ''(ee) oase<u>s</u> (ee) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale"
| ''(oo) oase<u>s</u> (oo) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>1</sub> are pale"
|-
! Disjunct target
| ''(ee) oase (ee) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale"
| ''(ee) oase (ee) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale"
| ''(oo) oase (oo) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>2</sub> are pale"
|}
|}


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{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase=[oo oahdago bahbo go ossoyya]<sup>1</sup> [ee oahdago esseana]<sup>2</sup>
|phrase=[oo oahdago bahbo go ossoyya]<sup>1</sup> [ee oahdago esseanas]<sup>2</sup>
|IPA=[ˈʔu̯oː‿ˈwɔ̯ɑ̞ħ.t̠ɐˌɣʊ ˈβɑ̞ħ.pʊ‿ˌɣo̞‿wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊʝ.ʝɐ‿ˈji̯eː‿ˈwɔ̯ɑ̞ħ.t̠ɐˌɣʊ‿jɪɕˈɕɛ̯ɑː.n̠ɐ]
|IPA=[ˈʔu̯oː‿ˈwɔ̯ɑ̞ħ.t̠ɐˌɣʊ ˈβɑ̞ħ.pʊ‿ˌɣo̞‿wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊʝ.ʝɐ‿ˈji̯eː‿ˈwɔ̯ɑ̞ħ.t̠ɐˌɣʊ‿jɪɕˈɕɛ̯ɑː.n̠ɐs̠]
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sup>1</sup> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND]<sup>2</sup>
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sup>1</sup> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sup>2</sup>
|translation=[today I saw]<sup>2</sup> [the dog that you fed yesterday]<sup>1</sup>
|translation=[today I saw]<sup>2</sup> [the dog that you fed yesterday]<sup>1</sup>
}}
This is also how stative verbs are used to assign qualities to nominals.
{{gloss
|phrase=ao ammõõ bo oadna ehheanas no?
|IPA=[ʔɑːʊ̯‿ʔm̩ˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞‿ˈwɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ‿je̞çˈçɛ̯ɑː.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ]
|gloss=ao POSS-head TOP:CRESC shine.TRANS.IND PROX-TR-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ INT
|translation=have you seen how bright Ao's hair has gotten? (lit. "have you seen Ao's brightened hair?")
}}
}}


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