1,088
edits
m (→Conjunction) |
No edit summary |
||
(21 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
Line 68: | Line 68: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| {{IPA|//ˈwat.ʔa. | | {{IPA|//ˈwat.ʔa.wo//}} | ||
| → {{IPA|/ˈwaʔ.ta. | | → {{IPA|/ˈwaʔ.ta.wo/}} | ||
| → {{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ. | | → {{IPA|[ˈʔɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ]}} | ||
| → '' | | → ''oahdawo'' "during the day" | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 150: | Line 150: | ||
! {{IPA|//h-//}} | ! {{IPA|//h-//}} | ||
| [ħ.P] | | [ħ.P] | ||
| [ | | [ʔ.P͡F] | ||
| /ʔ.ᴰN/ | | /ʔ.ᴰN/ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 253: | Line 253: | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nominals are mostly unmarked | Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''(a)n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair; top", an inalienably possessed nominal: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
Line 282: | Line 280: | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| ''-da'' | | ''-da'' | ||
| '' | | ''sooda'' "where they live; by the house" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Durative | ! Durative | ||
| ''- | | ''-wo'' | ||
| '' | | ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactive | ! Benefactive | ||
| ''- | | ''-wa'' | ||
| '' | | ''eewa'' "in order to see" | ||
|- | |||
! Semblative | |||
| ''-ya'' | |||
| ''eyya'' "like this" | |||
|} | |} | ||
Line 310: | Line 312: | ||
|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals '' | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''eyʼ'' and ''owʼ'', shortened forms of ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' that tend to blend into the next word, often as [-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-] and [-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-], but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as [-ɪw-] and [-ʊj-]. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
Line 335: | Line 337: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u>''<br />"I am pale" | ||
| - | | - | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u> no?''<br />"are you pale?" | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada''<br />"you are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) oada''<br />"they are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada no?''<br />"am I pale?" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) oada no?''<br />"are they pale?" | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 364: | Line 366: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) ahhee<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) assee<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) ahhee''<br />"you look at them" | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) assee''<br />"they look at you" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) ahhee''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) assee''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 392: | Line 394: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct target | ! Conjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u> (eyʼ go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said I am pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada<u>s</u> (eyʼ go) ogaa''<br />"you said you are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) oada<u>s</u> (owʼ go) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>1</sub> are pale" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct target | ! Disjunct target | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada (eyʼ go) ogaa<u>s</u>''<br />"I said you are pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(eyʼ go) oada (eyʼ go) ogaa''<br />"you said I am pale" | ||
| ''( | | ''(owʼ go) oada (owʼ go) ogaa''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> said they<sub>2</sub> are pale" | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 410: | Line 412: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
Line 472: | Line 474: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=oadnawo aesããs | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠] | ||
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I wash in the morning | |translation=I wash in the morning | ||
Line 479: | Line 481: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=oadnawo ao go aosãã ma | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | ||
|gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | |gloss=shine.TRANS.IND-CVB:DUR ao TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
Line 492: | Line 494: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo eyʼ ehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
Line 499: | Line 501: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo eyʼ eebadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈje̞j‿je̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
Line 524: | Line 526: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya | |phrase=ao go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsãmmoyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmʲi̯eː.ðɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmʲi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔˈt̠͡s̠ɑ̃mˌmʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-TV-water-consume.CAUS.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-TV-water-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
Line 570: | Line 572: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[ | |phrase=[owʼ oahdawo bahba go ossoena]<sub>1</sub> [eyʼ oahdawo esseenas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ. | |IPA=[ˈʔo̞w‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ wʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ ˈjɪw‿ˈwɔ̯ɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ jɪɕˈɕi̯eː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TRANS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.TRANS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.TRANS.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
Line 621: | Line 623: | ||
==Locative verbs== | ==Locative verbs== | ||
An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers | An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers. Some locative verbs also retain non-locative meanings, such as the aerial ''see'', which in conjunction with the oral classifier, as ''osee'', means to "blow". | ||
These are some of those verbs: | These are some of those verbs: | ||
Line 670: | Line 672: | ||
| :INST | | :INST | ||
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | | Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | ||
|} | |} | ||
Line 703: | Line 700: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | |phrase=emmõõ bo ao ehbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ | |IPA=[ʔɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ je̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head TOP:CRESC ao PROX-TV-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
}} | }} | ||
===Conjunction=== | ===Conjunction=== | ||
Line 716: | Line 711: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go bahba go ooda egoo | |phrase=ao go bahba go ooda egoo | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣo̞ ˈwu̯oː.ðɐ jɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao TOP:ACT dog TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
Line 750: | Line 745: | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ao sada sãã | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐ.ðɐ ˈz̠ɑ̃ː] | ||
|gloss=sea-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | |translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | ||
}} | }} | ||
|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ao sada laa | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐ.ðɐ ˈɮɑː] | ||
|gloss=sea-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) by the sea | |translation=(be) by the sea | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 801: | Line 796: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ao go | |phrase=ahba lada ao go esdsoes | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌlɐ.ðɐ ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣo̞ jɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss= | |gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao TOP:ACT PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ | ||
|translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa | |translation=I'm on my way to visit Ao in Appa | ||
}} | }} | ||
Line 810: | Line 805: | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ahba lada esoonas | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ. | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿ˌlɐ.ðɐ jɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=appa-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.TRANS.IND-CONJ | |gloss=appa TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.TRANS.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I've moved to Appa | |translation=I've moved to Appa | ||
}} | }} |
edits