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m (Replaced TV- gloss with DIR-) |
(Bunch of orthography changes. Page still isn't up to date with revised grammar but I'm still pondering so not yet…) |
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|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | |imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | ||
|name = Ash | |name = Ash | ||
|nativename = '' | |nativename = ''ạ̉hgaa'' | ||
|pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː] | |pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː] | ||
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | |creator = [[User:Prinsessa|Ava Skoog]] | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ash''' ('' | '''Ash''' (''ạ̉hgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | ||
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | ||
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===Romanisation=== | ===Romanisation=== | ||
The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters | The romanisation strikes a balance between representing phonemes versus surface realisations and uses the following letters: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| a | | a | ||
| e | | e | ||
| y | | y | ||
| o | | o | ||
| ı | | ı | ||
| w | | w | ||
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| ’ | | ’ | ||
|} | |} | ||
Tilde (e.g. ã) is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. ả) denotes a word-initial glottal stop. Dot below (e.g. ạ) signifies otherwise ambiguous stress. | |||
An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| {{IPA|// | | {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈuwi//}} | ||
| → {{IPA|/ | | → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwuj/}} | ||
| → {{IPA|[ | | → {{IPA|[ˈʔe̞ʍˈʍʊːɪ̯]}} | ||
| → '' | | → ''ẻhhoe'' "hungry" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by the vowel letter '''ı''' placed before the non-vocalic consonant letter. | In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by the vowel letter '''ı''' placed before the non-vocalic consonant letter. | ||
An example is the inalienable possession prefix ''(a)n-'' becoming ''ın-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''ındoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and '' | An example is the inalienable possession prefix ''(a)n-'' becoming ''ın-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''ındoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and ''ảdındoo-'' when the direct marker ''ảh-'' is added. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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| ''oadne'' | | ''oadne'' | ||
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑʔ.ᶡɲɪ]}} | {{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑʔ.ᶡɲɪ]}} | ||
| '' | | ''oasde'' | ||
{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑɕ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}} | {{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑɕ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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| ''-ya'' | | ''-ya'' | ||
| ''-yı'' | | ''-yı'' | ||
| '' | | ''ảyya'' "sea-like; blue; green" | ||
|} | |} | ||
The shorter forms are the historically regular outcomes of these suffixes after unstressed vowels; the longer forms have since taken over productively in normal verbs by analogy with the instances where those were always regular, but the shorter forms remain productive in the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. '' | The shorter forms are the historically regular outcomes of these suffixes after unstressed vowels; the longer forms have since taken over productively in normal verbs by analogy with the instances where those were always regular, but the shorter forms remain productive in the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. ''ảhba las'' "in Appa"), and are still found in some common fossilised words, such as ''eas'' "here" and ''eah'' "now". Certain proper nouns retain this form for possessive constructions (e.g. ''ảhbas ımmee'' "Appa('s) town square"). There are also instances of splits, such as the productive ''oadnada'' "where the sun rises" versus the fossilised ''oadnas'', referring specifically to the corresponding cardinal direction. | ||
===Deixis=== | ===Deixis=== | ||
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|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of TV marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e- | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of TV marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảhhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at you" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảssea<u>s</u>''<br />"you look at me" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảhhea<u>s</u>''<br />"I look at them" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảssea<u>s</u>''<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảhhea''<br />"you look at them" | ||
| ''(ea go) | | ''(ea go) ảssea''<br />"they look at you" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảhhea''<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| ''(oa go) | | ''(oa go) ảssea''<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔe̞çˈçɛːɑ̯] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻhheas | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔe̞çˈçɛːɑ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ẻsseas | ||
|IPA=[ | |IPA=[ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=they are looking at me | |translation=they are looking at me | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnawo | |phrase=oadnawo ảesããs | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠] | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠] | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnawo | |phrase=oadnawo ảo go ảosãã ma | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ʁo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ʁo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ] | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND NEG | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ea | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ảhbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo ea | |phrase=emmõõ bo ea ẻebadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba od<u>sa</u>woyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsawoyya | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog fire-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ảhhea''<br />"dogs watch it" | ||
| ''bahba go | | ''bahba go ảssea''<br />"dogs are watched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| ''sãã sa | | ''sãã sa ảhhea''<br />"water is watched" | ||
| ''*sãã sa | | ''*sãã sa ảssea''<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| '' | | ''ảo go <u>bahba</u> ỏhhea''<br />"Ao was looking at the dog" | ||
| ''<u>bahba go</u> | | ''<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea''<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| '' | | ''ảo go <u>sãã</u> ỏhhoo''<br />"Ao was drinking water" | ||
| ''<u>sãã sa</u> | | ''<u>sãã sa</u> ảo ỏhhoo''<br />"it was water Ao was drinking" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[owahdawo bahba go | |phrase=[owahdawo bahba go ỏssoena]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdawo ẻsseanas]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|IPA=[o̞ˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ʔʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ jɪˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wo̞ | |IPA=[o̞ˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ʔʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ jɪˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wo̞ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.INCH.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.INCH.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go oada | |phrase=bahba go oada ẻsseanas no | ||
|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ | |IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ] | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=emmõõ bo | |phrase=emmõõ bo ảo ẻhbadsas | ||
|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo go bahba go oas egoo | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑːɕ‿ɕɪˈɣu̯oː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑːɕ‿ɕɪˈɣu̯oː] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
}} | }} | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo sas sãã | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃ː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃ː] | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo sas laa | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd͡ɮɑː] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd͡ɮɑː] | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảo gos ımmõõ la | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ] | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT-CVB:LOC INAL-head=TOP:STAT | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảhba las ảo go ẻszoes | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ʁo̞ ʔɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐs̠‿ˈs̠ɑːʊ̯‿ʁo̞ ʔɪɕˈȶ͡ɕʊːɪ̯ɕ] | ||
|gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao=TOP:ACT PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ | |gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC ao=TOP:ACT PROX-INV-LOC:DOM.STAT/ACT.OPT-CONJ | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase=ảhba las esoonas | ||
|IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐɕ‿ɕɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | |IPA=[ˈʔɑħ.pɐ‿lɐɕ‿ɕɪˈz̠u̯oː.n̠ɐs̠] | ||
|gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.INCH.IND-CONJ | |gloss=appa=TOP:STAT-CVB:LOC PROX-LOC:DOM.INCH.IND-CONJ | ||
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===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or '' | Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as ''mee'' "fire" → ''meyya'' "red; yellow; orange; brown" or ''ảo'' "sea" → ''ảyya'' "blue; green". | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss |
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