Ash: Difference between revisions

|pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]

'''Ash''' (''ạ̉hgaa'', lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqɑː]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] (''ảhba''). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives.

Tilde (e.g. ã) is used to mark nasalisation. Hook above (e.g. ả) denotes a word-initial glottal stop. Dot below (e.g. ạ) signifies otherwise ambiguous stress.

| {{IPA|//iʔ.Vʔˈuwi//}}

| → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwuj/}}

| → {{IPA|[ˈʔe̞ʍˈʍʊːɪ̯]}}

| → ''ẻhhoe'' "hungry"

| {{IPA|/ʔ.ᴰN/}}

The lateral affricate {{IPA|/t͡ɬ/}} patterns phonotactically just like the sibilant affricate {{IPA|/t͡s/}} but is in many deäffricated contexts no longer produced as a fricative, but as an approximant. In contexts where the affrication remains, regardless of voicing, so does the frication, i.e. {{IPA|[t͡ɬ~d͡ɮ]}}. In leniting contexts the realisation depends on the environment, remaining a fricative {{IPA|[ɬ]}} in a voiceless environment while defaulting to a pure lateral approximant {{IPA|[l]}} in a voiced one, but when geminated by the absorption of a following glide it assimilates to it as either {{IPA|[ʎ]}} or {{IPA|[ɫ]}}.

In unstressed prefixes, colourless or epenthetic vowels may drop out in favour of syllabification of an adjacent fricative or nasal. This is represented in the romanisation by the vowel letter '''ı''' placed before the non-vocalic consonant letter.

An example is the inalienable possession prefix ''(a)n-'' becoming ''ın-''. Some word stems have inherent consonantal prefixes that get resolved the same way: ''n-doo-'' "(fire) smoke" becomes ''ındoo-'' in the absence of a prefix, and ''ảdındoo-'' when the direct marker ''ảh-'' is added.

| ''oase''

{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑː.ʑɪ]}}

| ''oadse''

{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑʔ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}

| ''oadne''

{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑʔ.ᶡɲɪ]}}

| ''oasde''

{{IPA|[ˈɔ̯ɑɕ.ȶ͡ɕɪ]}}

| ''ohda''

| ''oehda''

| ''osdna''

Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix ''(a)n-'' can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of ''mõõ'' "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal:

| ''ımmõõ''

! colspan="2" | Suffix

| ''sooda'' "where they live; by the house"

| ''-wo''

| ''oadnawo'' "when it gets bright; in the morning"

| ''-wa''

| ''-wı''

| ''eewa'' "in order to see"

| ''-yı''

The shorter forms are the historically regular outcomes of these suffixes after unstressed vowels; the longer forms have since taken over productively in normal verbs by analogy with the instances where those were always regular, but the shorter forms remain productive in the reduced forms of locative verbs (e.g. ''ảhba las'' "in Appa"), and are still found in some common fossilised words, such as ''eas'' "here" and ''eah'' "now". Certain proper nouns retain this form for possessive constructions (e.g. ''ảhbas ımmee'' "Appa('s) town square"). There are also instances of splits, such as the productive ''oadnada'' "where the sun rises" versus the fossilised ''oadnas'', referring specifically to the corresponding cardinal direction.

Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals ''ea'' and ''oa'' (reduced from ''eyya'' and ''owwa'' still used for emphasis), generally shortened and tending to blend into the next word, often as {{IPA|[-ɛ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-e̞(ː)ɪ̯]~[-e̞j-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɔ(ː~ˑ)-]~[-o̞(ː)ʊ̯]~[-o̞w-]}}, but also with the glide assimilating, leading to forms such as {{IPA|[-ɪw-]}} and {{IPA|[-ʊj-]}}. In verbs with some form of TV marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. ''*e-ả-'' becomes ''ẻ-''.

|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

====Transitivity and inversion====

Transitivity is explicitly marked and through an inversion marker on the verb the roles of agent and patient can be swapped without a change in word order, the purpose of which is topicalisation, leaving the topic in the subject position. The subject requires a topical marker, the details of which will be explained in detail in the section on locative verbs.

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔe̞çˈçɛːɑ̯]

|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog PROX-<u>TV</u>-see.ACT.IND

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯]

|phrase=oadnawo ảesããs

|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɐɪ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ːs̠]

|phrase=oadnawo ảo go ảosãã ma

|IPA=[ˈʔɔ̯ɑʔ.ᵈn̠ɐ.wʊ ʔɑːʊ̯‿ʁo̞ ʔɐʊ̯ˈz̠ɑ̃ː‿mɐ]

|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbʊ ˈjɛˑ ʔe̞ɪ̯ˈβɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

|phrase=ảo go bahba od<u>sa</u>woyya

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ]

|phrase=ảo go bahba mee<u>da</u> odsawoyya

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ ˈmi̯eː.ðɐ wo̞ʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐˈwʊj.jɐ]

|phrase=[owahdawo bahba go ỏssoena]₁ [ewahdawo ẻsseanas]₂

|IPA=[o̞ˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ʔʊs̠ˈs̠ʊːɪ̯.n̠ɐ jɪˈwɑħ.t̠ɐ.wo̞ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐs̠]

|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.INCH.IND]₁ [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ]₂

|phrase=bahba go oada ẻsseanas no

|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑː.ðɐ ʔɪɕˈɕɛːɑ̯.n̠ɐz̠‿ᵈn̠ʊ]

An important part of Ash grammar is an extensive set of so called locative verbs which are used almost like a noun classification system and cover location, motion and related concepts while providing specific information about the referent at hand, such as specifying whether liquid is involved. These also have reduced clitic forms used as topic markers. Some locative verbs also retain non-locative meanings, such as the aerial ''see'', which in conjunction with the oral classifier, as ''osee'', means to "blow".

| ''mee''

|phrase=ımmõõ bo

|phrase=ımmõõ la

|IPA=[ɪmˈmũ̯õ̞ː‿ᵐbo̞ ˈʔɑːʊ̯ ʔe̞ħˈpɑʔ.t̠͡s̠ɐs̠]

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ʁo̞ ˈwɔ̯ɑːɕ‿ɕɪˈɣu̯oː]

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd̠͡z̠ɑ̃ː]

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿z̠ɐz̠ ˈd͡ɮɑː]

|phrase=ảo gos ımmõõ la

|IPA=[ˈʔɑːʊ̯‿ɣʊ‿z̠m̩ˈmũ̯õː‿ⁿd͡ɮɐ]

|phrase=ewoes

|IPA=[ɪˈwʊːɪ̯ɕ]

|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT-CONJ

|phrase=ewoe no

|IPA=[ɪˈwʊːɪ̯‿n̠ʊ]

|gloss=PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q

|phrase=bahba go ewoe no

|IPA=[ˈbɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ jɪˈwʊːɪ̯‿n̠ʊ]

|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-consume.ACT.OPT Q

|IPA=[ˈme̞j.jɐ ˈβɑħ.pɐ‿ɣʊ]