Ash: Difference between revisions

|image = Ahba.svg

|imagesize = 100px

|name = Ash

|nativename = {{ash|ảhga}}

|pronunciation = ˈʔɑħ.qə

|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]]

|notice = IPA

}}

==Introduction==

The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV.

The reasoning for this rather unusual classification is down to phonotactic patterning: these five groups all behave somewhat differently and serve as a more useful distinction than point of articulation when describing the phonology of Ash. There are many allophonic realisations despite the relatively low number of underlying sounds, which is an important feature of the language that makes the variation richer on the surface. For instance, long vowels (romanised by doubling the vowel) and nasal vowels (romanised using a tilde) are not analysed as phonemic.

===Romanisation===

|}

An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation:

{| class="wikitable"

| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}}

| → {{ash|ẻhhoe}} "hungry"

* All plosives alternate phonemically with fricatives or affricates before another plosive or an affricate.

* {{IPA|/h~ʔ/}} is a fricative before vowels/glides and plosives but a glottal stop before nasals (as is the case for plosives) and affricates.

* Sibilant palatalisation spreads in both directions through clusters; sibilants are also palatalised after {{IPA|/i/}} in coda position.

{| class="wikitable"

!

|}

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

!

|}

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

!

|}

</div>

{| class="wikitable"

!

|}

</div>

==Morphology==

=== Verbs ===

===Nominals===

{| class="wikitable"

|}

{{gloss

|phrase={{ash|dodsa <u>ŋ</u>-go ảhhedse-s yo}}

}}

|-

! Quantitative

| {{ash|-na}}

| {{ash|nõdna}} "how many; some amount"

===Deixis===

The deictic stems are as follows:

|}

===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===

Conjunct is marked by the suffix {{ash|-s}} and disjunct is unmarked.

|-

! Conjunct

| {{ash|emea<u>s</u> no}}<br />"am I warm?", "are we warm?", "maybe I am warm", "maybe we are warm"

|-

! Disjunct

| {{ash|emea no}}<br />"are you/they warm?", "maybe you/they are warm"

|}

====Simple transitives====

As the conjunct form denotes merely whether the assertor is somehow involved in the action, the assertor need not necessarily be the agent. A conjunct form would still be used to denote first person involvement as a patient in some statements.

}}

{{gloss

|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}

}}

{{gloss

|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}

}}

{{gloss

}}

With ditransitive verbs such as causatives two referents can appear before the verb or the same displacement can take place.

|phrase={{ash|oas ga bahba sa͠a ỏ<u>hh</u>oyya ga}}

}}

}}

Inversion is especially important when the subject is being omitted as person markers do not exist.

|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}}

}}

|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}}

}}

====Reflexivity====

Besides the direct and inverse agency prefixes, verbs can also take a reflexive one.

|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảyısa͠as yo}}

}}

|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}}

}}

Reflexivity can be used to disambiguate between referents.

|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻsbadsas yo}}

}}

|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻwıbadsas yo}}

}}

====Incorporation====

{{gloss

|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}

}}

{{gloss

|phrase={{ash|enya ga bahba ảyıgaa e}}

}}

{{gloss

}}

|-

! Animate

|-

! Inanimate

|}

{{gloss

}}

{{gloss

}}

{| class="wikitable"

! Declarative

! Negative

! Interrogative

! Felicitative

! Miserative

|}

{| class="wikitable"

! Experiential

|-

|}

==Locative verbs==

| Water and other liquids

|-

| {{ash|se}}

| :AER

| Growth (hair, plants et c.)

|-

| {{ash|do}}, {{ash|no}}

| :PART

|-

| {{ash|mea}}

| :PYR

|-

| {{ash|baa}}

An unstressed locative verb is required as a topical marker following a fronted nominal, resembling a particle. The choice of verb functions much like a noun class classifier and can be used to differentiate between various meanings of a single nominal lexeme.

|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o mo}}

|translation=hair (on the head)

}}

|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o na}}

|translation=head (on the body)

}}

Used this way they nonetheless remain verbs and form separate clauses.

{{gloss

}}

{{gloss

|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba go oas egoa e}}

}}

Converbial location is generic and locative verbs can be used to specify the meaning.

|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas sa͠a}}

}}

|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas laa}}

|translation=(be) by the sea

}}

===Possession===

|phrase={{ash|ảhdo ga ndoo ya}}

|translation=Atwa's foot

}}

|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gã bmo͠o na}}

|translation=Atwa's head

}}

{{gloss

|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gas ảnda mmo}}

}}

==Pragmatics and conventions==

Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as irrealis forms, potentials and interrogatives.

|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes yo}}

}}

|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes no}}

}}

|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhoe no}}

}}

===Colour terms===

{{gloss

}}

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[[Category:Languages]]