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Ash: Difference between revisions

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Ash (view source)

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Tilde (e.g. {{ash|ã}}) is used to mark nasalisation, doubly wide (e.g. {{ash|a͠a}}) on long vowels and diphthongs. Hook above (e.g. {{ash|ả}}) denotes a word-initial glottal. Dot above (e.g. {{ash|ȧ}}) denotes that a short vowel in a heavy syllable is stressed where it would otherwise read as unstressed.
An [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modifier_letter_apostrophe apostrophe] ({{ash|ʼ}}, U+02BC) marks an elided vowel. Tilde (e.g. {{ash|ã}}) is used to mark nasalisation, doubly wide (e.g. {{ash|a͠a}}) on long vowels and diphthongs. Hook above (e.g. {{ash|ả}}) denotes a word-initial glottal. Dot above (e.g. {{ash|ȧ}}) denotes that a short vowel in a heavy syllable is stressed where it would otherwise read as unstressed.


An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation:
An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation:
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* Sibilant palatalisation spreads in both directions through clusters; sibilants are also palatalised after {{IPA|/i/}} in coda position.
* Sibilant palatalisation spreads in both directions through clusters; sibilants are also palatalised after {{IPA|/i/}} in coda position.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
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|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Line 150: Line 151:
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Line 163: Line 164:
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
!
Line 178: Line 179:
|}
|}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


A nasal before another nasal due to its poststopped nature results in the same kind of cluster as a plosive before a nasal but additionally nasalises the preceding vowel, even across words.
A nasal before another nasal due to its poststopped nature results in the same kind of cluster as a plosive before a nasal but additionally nasalises the preceding vowel, even across words.
Line 184: Line 185:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==


Ash does not mark words for number, person or case. It can be analysed as having only three word classes: verbs, nominals and converbs. Nonetheless there is a degree of mobility between them.
Ash does not mark words for number, person, or case. It can be analysed as having only three word classes: verbs, nominals, and converbs. Nonetheless there is a degree of mobility between them.


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
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|}
|}


Any phrase can be nominalised using a classificatory topic marker (see below). When marked for the locative (see also below), these can be used to connect possessum to possessor. Verbs and converbs require a nominalising particle in the form of an unstressed determiner—either the generic {{ash|n}} or one of the deictic {{ash|e}} and {{ash|o}} (again see below)—which attaches directly to the classifier if present.
Any phrase can be nominalised using an unstressed determiner usually followed by a classificatory topic marker (see below). Proper nouns do not need the determiner. When marked for the locative (see also below), these can be used to connect possessum to possessor. Verbs and converbs require a nominalising particle in the form of an unstressed determiner—either the generic {{ash|n}} or one of the deictic {{ash|e}} and {{ash|o}} (again see below)—which attaches directly to the classifier if present.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dodsa <u>ŋ</u>-go ảhhedse-s yo}}
|phrase={{ash|dodsa <u>ŋ</u>-go ảhhedse-s yo}}
|gloss=smoke.INTS.IND=Q=CLF.TOP DIR-see.INTS.IRR-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=smoke.INTS=DET:NDET=CLF DIR-see.INTS.IRR-CONJ=MOD:DECL
|translation=I like looking at trains
|translation=I like looking at trains.
}}
}}


Line 343: Line 344:
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===


While Ash lacks a set of first, second and third person pronouns, a system of so called conjunct versus disjunct verb forms can be used in combination with transitivity markers and deixis in order to more or less unambiguously cover the same ground. This concept is also known in the literature as assertor's involvement marking, which might give the reader a clearer idea of the concept: verbs are marked for whether the one making an assertion is involved in the action (conjunct) or not (disjunct). Unlike some languages however, the assertor in Ash is always the speaker, even in reported speech.
While Ash lacks a set of first, second, and third person pronouns, a system of so called conjunct versus disjunct verb forms can be used in combination with agency (transitivity and volition) markers and deixis in order to more or less unambiguously cover the same ground. This concept is also known in the literature as assertor's involvement marking, which might give the reader a clearer idea of the concept: verbs are marked for whether the one making an assertion is involved in the action (conjunct) or not (disjunct). Unlike some languages however, the assertor in Ash is always the speaker, even in reported speech.


Conjunct is marked by the suffix {{ash|-s}} and disjunct is unmarked.
Conjunct is marked by the suffix {{ash|-s}} and disjunct is unmarked.
Line 402: Line 403:
As the conjunct form denotes merely whether the assertor is somehow involved in the action, the assertor need not necessarily be the agent. A conjunct form would still be used to denote first person involvement as a patient in some statements.
As the conjunct form denotes merely whether the assertor is somehow involved in the action, the assertor need not necessarily be the agent. A conjunct form would still be used to denote first person involvement as a patient in some statements.


{{gloss
{{interlinear|abbreviations=PROX:proximal deixis; INTS:intensive; MOD:modal auxiliary verb; CLF:classifier auxiliary verb; INV:inverse agency; CONJ:conjunct involvement
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo o ẻsbadsas yo {{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga}}
|{{ash|ẽbmo͠o&nbsp;mo}} {{ash|ya&nbsp;ẻsbadsas&nbsp;yo}} {{ash|ảo&nbsp;ga}}
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF.TOP DET.DIST=PROX-INV-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL Ao=CLF
|PROX-head{{=}}CLF DET{{=}}PROX-INV-braid-CONJ{{=}}MOD Ao{{=}}CLF
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|Ao is braiding my hair.
}}
}}


Line 428: Line 429:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|gloss=Ao=CLF dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see=MOD:REP
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog.
}}
}}


Line 436: Line 437:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}}
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.RLS=REP
|gloss=Ao=CLF dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see=MOD:REP
|translation=Ao is being watched by a dog
|translation=Ao is being watched by a dog.
}}
}}


Line 443: Line 444:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga <u>o</u> ẻssea ga bahba go}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga <u>wa</u> ẻssea ga bahba go}}
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP <u>DET.PROX</u>=PROX-INV-see.ACT.RLS=REP dog=CLF
|gloss=Ao=CLF <u>DET.PROX</u>=PROX-INV-see=MOD:REP dog=CLF
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog; watching Ao was the dog
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog; watching Ao was the dog.
}}
}}


With ditransitive verbs such as causatives two referents can appear before the verb or the same displacement can take place.
With ditransitive verbs such as causatives two referents can appear before the verb or the same displacement can take place.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oas ga bahba sa͠a ỏ<u>hh</u>oyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|oas ga bahba sa͠a ỏ<u>hh</u>oyya ga}}
|gloss=Oas=CLF.TOP dog water DIST-<u>DIR</u>-eat.CAUS.RLS=REP
|gloss=Oas=CLF dog water DIST-<u>DIR</u>-eat.CAUS=MOD:REP
|translation=it was Oas who gave the dog water to drink
|translation=It was Oas who gave the dog water to drink.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oas ga o sa͠a ỏ<u>ss</u>oyya ga bahba go}}
|phrase={{ash|oas ga wa sa͠a ỏ<u>ss</u>oyya ga bahba go}}
|gloss=Oas=CLF.TOP DET.DIST=water DIST-<u>INV</u>-eat.CAUS.RLS=REP dog=CLF
|gloss=Oas=CLF DET:DIST=water DIST-<u>INV</u>-eat.CAUS=MOD:REP dog=CLF
|translation=it was Oas the dog offered water to
|translation=It was Oas the dog offered water to.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


Inversion is especially important when the subject is being omitted as person markers do not exist.
Inversion is especially important when the subject is being omitted as person markers do not exist.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see-CONJ=MOD:DECL
|translation=I am looking at them
|translation=I am looking at them.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}}
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.RLS-CONJ=EXP
|gloss=PROX-INV-see-CONJ=MOD:EXP
|translation=they are looking at me
|translation=They are looking at me.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


====Reflexivity====
====Reflexivity====
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Besides the direct and inverse agency prefixes, verbs can also take a reflexive one.
Besides the direct and inverse agency prefixes, verbs can also take a reflexive one.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảyısa͠as yo}}
|phrase={{ash|oadnah ảyısa͠as yo}}
|gloss=shine.INCH.RLS-DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=shine.INCH-CVB:DUR REFL-LOCV:LIQ-CONJ=MOD:DECL
|translation=I wash in the morning
|translation=I wash in the morning.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga oadnah ảyısa͠a ma}}
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP shine.INCH.RLS-DUR REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS=NEG
|gloss=Ao=CLF shine.INCH-CVB:DUR REFL-LOCV:LIQ=MOD:NEG
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


Reflexivity can be used to disambiguate between referents.
Reflexivity can be used to disambiguate between referents.


 
<div class="ash-columns">
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻsbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻsbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP PROX-INV-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF PROX-INV-handle.INTS-CONJ=MOD:DECL
|translation=you are braiding my hair
|translation=You are braiding my hair.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻwıbadsas yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ẻwıbadsas yo}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF PROX-REFL-handle.INTS-CONJ=MOD:DECL
|translation=I am braiding my hair
|translation=I am braiding my hair.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


====Incorporation====
====Incorporation====
Line 529: Line 533:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}}
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP
|gloss=Ao=CLF dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS=MOD:REP
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink.
}}
}}


Line 537: Line 541:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|enya ga bahba ảyıgaa e}}
|phrase={{ash|enya ga bahba ảyıgaa e}}
|gloss=younger_sibling=CLF.TOP dog REFL-sound.RLS=EXP
|gloss=younger_sibling=CLF dog REFL-sound=MOD:EXP
|translation=my sibling barks like a dog
|translation=My sibling barks like a dog.
}}
}}


Line 548: Line 552:


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga o meh<u>da</u> ỏdsoyya ga bahba go}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga wa meh<u>da</u> ỏdsoyya ga bahba go}}
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP DET:DIST=burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.RLS=REP dog=CLF
|gloss=Ao=CLF DET:DIST=burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS=MOD:REP dog=CLF
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire.
}}
}}


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|-
|-
! Animate
! Animate
| {{ash|oas ga o ỏhhedsa e <u>bahba go</u>}}<br />"Oas was looking at the dog"
| {{ash|oas ga wa ỏhhedsa e <u>bahba go</u>}}<br />"Oas was looking at the dog"
| {{ash|<u>bahba go</u> o ỏssedsa e oas ga}}<br />"it was the dog Oas was looking at"
| {{ash|<u>bahba go</u> wa ỏssedsa e oas ga}}<br />"it was the dog Oas was looking at"
|-
|-
! Inanimate
! Inanimate
| {{ash|oas ga o ỏhhodsa e <u>sa͠a sa</u>}}<br />"Oas was drinking the water"
| {{ash|oas ga wa ỏhhodsa e <u>sa͠a sa</u>}}<br />"Oas was drinking the water"
| {{ash|<u>sa͠a sa</u> o ỏhhodsa e oas ga}}<br />"it was the water Oas was drinking"
| {{ash|<u>sa͠a sa</u> wa ỏhhodsa e oas ga}}<br />"it was the water Oas was drinking"
|}
|}


Line 595: Line 599:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya we]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah eyea wo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya we]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah eyea wo]<sub>2}}</sub>
|gloss=[yesterday dog=CLF.TOP DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.RLS=EXP]<sub>1</sub> [today PROX-see.STAT.RLS-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|gloss=[Yesterday dog=CLF DIST-INV-consume.CAUS=MOD:EXP]<sub>1</sub> [today PROX-see-CONJ=MOD:DECL]<sub>2</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub>.
}}
}}


Line 603: Line 607:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|osy’ oada bahba go ẻsseas no}}
|phrase={{ash|osy’ oada bahba go ẻsseas no}}
|gloss=light-QUAL shine.ATTR gloss=dog=CLF.TOP shine.STAT.RLS PROX-INV-see.STAT.RLS-CONJ=Q
|gloss=light-CVB:QUAL shine.ATTR dog=CLF PROX-INV-see-CONJ=MOD:NDET
|translation=have you seen the white dog?
|translation=Have you seen the white dog?
}}
}}


Line 615: Line 619:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Declarative
! Declarative
| {{ash|ebadsa yo}}<br />"(really, obviously) they're weaving"
|-
! Negative
! Negative
| {{ash|ebadsa ma}}<br />"they're not weaving"
|-
! Interrogative
! Interrogative
| {{ash|ebadsa no}}<br />"are they weaving?", "maybe they're weaving"
|-
! Felicitative
! Felicitative
| {{ash|ebadsa sa}}<br />"(I'm pleased that) they're weaving"
|-
! Miserative
! Miserative
|-
| {{ash|ebadsa na}}<br />"(I'm displeased that) they're weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa yo}}<br />"(really) weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa ma}}<br />"not weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa no}}<br />"weaving?", "maybe weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa sa}}<br />"weaving, happy to say"
| {{ash|ebadsa na}}<br />"weaving, unfortunately"
|}
|}


Line 633: Line 640:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Experiential
! Experiential
! Reportative
| {{ash|ebadsa e}}<br />"(evidently) they're weaving"
|-
! Inferential
| {{ash|obadsa me}}<br />"(I have a feeling) they were weaving"
|-
! Narrative
| {{ash|obadsa ga}}<br />"(it goes that) they were weaving"
|-
! Direct report
| {{ash|obadsa hga}}<br />"(they told me) they were weaving"
|-
|-
| {{ash|ebadsa e}}<br />"(evidently) weaving"
! Indirect report
| {{ash|ebadsa ga}}<br />"(allegedly) weaving"
| {{ash|obadsa wwa}}<br />"(they were told) someone was weaving"
|}
|}
Note how most of these take the distal prefix {{ash|o-}} as the speaker cannot be currently present to confirm their veracity. The inferential falls somewhere between modality and evidentiality and makes sense with any deixis depending on the situation and the verb.


==Locative verbs==
==Locative verbs==
Line 682: Line 700:
|-
|-
| {{ash|mea}}
| {{ash|mea}}
| {{ash|me}}
| {{ash|ne}}
| :PYR
| :PYR
| Fire (by extension core or centre)
| Inside, essence, fire
|-
|-
| {{ash|baa}}
| {{ash|baa}}
Line 714: Line 732:
An unstressed locative verb is required as a topical marker following a fronted nominal, resembling a particle. The choice of verb functions much like a noun class classifier and can be used to differentiate between various meanings of a single nominal lexeme.
An unstressed locative verb is required as a topical marker following a fronted nominal, resembling a particle. The choice of verb functions much like a noun class classifier and can be used to differentiate between various meanings of a single nominal lexeme.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o mo}}
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o mo}}
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF
|translation=hair (on the head)
|translation=hair (on the head)
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o na}}
|phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o na}}
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|gloss=POSS-head=CLF
|translation=head (on the body)
|translation=head (on the body)
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


Used this way they nonetheless remain verbs and form separate clauses.
Used this way they nonetheless remain verbs and form separate clauses.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo e ẻsbadsas yo {{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga}}
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ya ẻsbadsas yo {{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga}}
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=CLF.TOP DET.PROX=PROX-INV-hand.INTS.RLS-CONJ=DECL Ao=CLF
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF DET:PROX=PROX-INV-handle.INTS-CONJ=MOD:DECL Ao=CLF
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair.
}}
}}


Line 744: Line 763:
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba go oas egoa e}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga bahba go oas egoa e}}
|gloss=Ao=CLF.TOP dog=CLF.TOP DIST-LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.RLS=EXP
|gloss=Ao=CLF dog=CLF DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-LOCV:ACT=MOD:EXP
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there.
}}
}}


Line 752: Line 771:
Converbial location is generic and locative verbs can be used to specify the meaning.
Converbial location is generic and locative verbs can be used to specify the meaning.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas sa͠a}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas sa͠a}}
|gloss=sea=CLF-LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.RLS
|gloss=sea=CLF-CVB:LOC LOCV:LIQ
|translation=(be) in the sea
|translation=(be) in the sea
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas laa}}
|phrase={{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}} sas laa}}
|gloss=sea=CLF-LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.RLS
|gloss=sea=CLF-CVB:LOC LOCV:STAT
|translation=(be) by the sea
|translation=(be) by the sea
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


===Possession===
===Possession===
Line 772: Line 792:
The fossilised set of nouns that take the possessive prefix {{ash|n-}} can follow directly after a classified possessor.
The fossilised set of nouns that take the possessive prefix {{ash|n-}} can follow directly after a classified possessor.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo ga ndoo ya}}
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo ga ndoo ya}}
|gloss=Atwa=CLF POSS-foot=CLF.TOP
|gloss=Atwa=CLF POSS-foot=CLF
|translation=Atwa's foot
|translation=Atwa's foot
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gã bmo͠o na}}
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gã bmo͠o na}}
|gloss=Atwa=CLF POSS-head=CLF.TOP
|gloss=Atwa=CLF POSS-head=CLF
|translation=Atwa's head
|translation=Atwa's head
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


Otherwise converbs such as the locative {{ash|-s}} serve to mark the possessor of a possessum depending on the relationship.
Otherwise converbs such as the locative {{ash|-s}} serve to mark the possessor of a possessum depending on the relationship.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gas ảnda mmo}}
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gas ảnda mmo}}
|gloss=Atwa=CLF-LOC bread=CLF.TOP
|gloss=Atwa=CLF-CVB:LOC bread=CLF
|translation=Atwa's bread (lit. "bread at Atwa"; they already have it)
|translation=Atwa's bread (lit. "bread at Atwa"; they already have it)
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">{{gloss
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gawı ảnda mmo}}
|phrase={{ash|ảhdo gawı ảnda mmo}}
|gloss=Atwa=CLF-BEN bread=CLF.TOP
|gloss=Atwa=CLF-CVB:BEN bread=CLF
|translation=Atwa's bread (lit. "bread for Atwa"; they do not yet have it)
|translation=Atwa's bread (lit. "bread for Atwa"; they do not yet have it)
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


==Pragmatics and conventions==
==Pragmatics and conventions==
Line 811: Line 834:
Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as irrealis forms, potentials and interrogatives.
Wants, needs, desires and possibilities are often just expressed through morphological means in Ash, such as irrealis forms, potentials and interrogatives.


<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes yo}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes yo}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.ACT.IRR-CONJ=DECL
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.ACT.IRR-CONJ=MOD:DECL
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes no}}
|phrase={{ash|ẻhhoes no}}
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.ACT.IRR-CONJ=Q
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.ACT.IRR-CONJ=MOD:NDET
|translation=perhaps I should eat something
|translation=Perhaps I should eat something.
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="float: left">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhoe no}}
|phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhoe no}}
|gloss=dog=CLF.TOP PROX-DIR-consume.ACT.IRR=Q
|gloss=dog=CLF.TOP PROX-DIR-consume.ACT.IRR=MOD:NDET
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry
|translation=Maybe the dog is hungry.
}}
</div>
</div>
 
Related are the fully stressed verbs referring to experiences and emotions. Two very versatile words in Ash are {{ash|ınsaa}} "to please, to like" and {{ash|ĩdnaa}} "to displease, to dislike". They can stand in for many words where the Ash speaker chooses to focus instead on the resulting emotion, while fully conveying the intended meaning in context.
 
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|eae ẻhbadse no ẽdnae e}}
|gloss=DET:PROX-CVB:QUAL PROX-DIR-handle.INTS.IRR=MOD:NDET PROX-displease.IRR=MOD:EXP
|translation=Doing it like that won't work / lead anywhere. (lit. "will displease")
}}
</div>
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|noyy’ ensae ẻhbadses no}}
|gloss=DET:NDET-CVB:QUAL PROX-please.IRR PROX-DIR-handle.IRR-CONJ=MOD:NDET
|translation=How would you prefer I did it? (lit. "which way to please")
}}
}}
</div>
</div>
<div style="clear: both"></div>
</div>


===Colour terms===
===Colour terms===


Colours are mainly expressed through qualitative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as {{ash|mea}} "fire" → {{ash|nayya}} "red; yellow; orange; brown" or {{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}}}} "sea" → {{ash|ảyya}} "blue; green". They are used together with attributive verbs.
Colours are mainly expressed through qualitative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as {{ash|mea}} "fire" → {{ash|nayya}} "red; yellow; orange; brown" or {{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}}}} "sea" → {{ash|ảyya}} "blue; green". They are used together with attributive verbs, which have longer allomorphs in subordinating position.
 
<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|bahba go nayy’ <u>oa</u> we}}
|gloss=dog=CLF fire-CVB:QUAL <u>shine</u>=MOD
|translation=The dog is brown.
}}
</div>
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|e nayy’ <u>oada</u> bahba go}}
|gloss=MOD=fire-CVB:QUAL <u>shine.ATTR</u> dog=CLF
|translation=It's a brown dog.
}}
</div>
</div>
 
===Weather and phenomena===
 
Because forces of nature are associated with high animate actors in Ash, the hierarchy—where high animates outrank even conjunct referents—means that verbs referring to them always take direct agency. Because this can be confusing without context, the force in question is usually topicalised using the determiner-classifier combination {{ash|oa na}} (not unlike "it" in "it's raining" in English).
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|<u>oa na</u> ẻ<u>d</u>seena<u>s</u> e}}
|gloss=<u>DET:DIST=CLF</u> PROX-<u>DIR</u>-rain.INCH-<u>CONJ</u>=MOD:EXP
|translation=It started to rain (on us) (lit. "it (the high animate) started to rain on us")
}}
 
The full noun can also be explicitly stated if the verb itself does not clearly specify which force is meant.
 
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|<u>sãdn’ ona</u> ỏ<u>h</u>hodse hga}}
|gloss=<u>rain.ACT=DET:DIST=CLF</u> DIST-<u>DIR</u>-consume.INTS.IRR=MOD:DIR
|translation=They said the rain was battering them over there.
}}
 
===Reported speech===
 
As mentioned previously, while languages with speaker's involvement marking will often express reported speech from the perspective of the one whose speech is being reported, this is not the case in Ash. However there are direct and indirect modals for reported speech in Ash which may depend on who was talking to whom. Some examples follow below.


{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|nayy’ oada bahba go}}
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga ỏsgaas yo ebmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=fire-QUAL shine.ATTR dog=CLF.TOP
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DIST-INV-say-CONJ=MOD:DECL PROX-head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=a brown dog
|translation=Dosmo told me my head is big.
}}
}}
Here the speaker uses the declarative modal {{ash|yo}} as they were spoken to directly so no evidential is needed. The actual reported speech is followed by the {{ash|ıhga}} modal marking a direct report, i.e. something the speaker heard personally.
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa e oas ga yy oa gõ bmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=DIST-DIR-say=MOD:EXP Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=I saw/heard Dosmo tell Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
}}
This sentence has more referents and so additional markers are necessary to keep track of things. The experiential evidential {{ash|e}} is now used as the speaker was not spoken to but merely witnessed a conversation. The contrastive function of determiners is used to shift the topic back to Dosmo after Oas is introduced.
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa hga oas ga yy obmo͠o na booda wwa}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=DIST-DIR-say=MOD:DIR Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:INDIR
|translation=I'm told Dosmo told Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
}}
This last example uses {{ash|ıhga}} in the first half to denote that the speaker was told by someone else what Dosmo had said and so the actual speech must be reported using the indirect speech report marker {{ash|ıwwa}} instead.
<div begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
PROX:proximal deixis
INTS:intensive
MOD:modal auxiliary verb
CLF:classifier auxiliary verb
INV:inverse agency
CONJ:conjunct involvement
</div><div end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Prinsessa
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