Linguifex

Ash: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Ash (view source)

Revision as of 09:27, 30 January 2024

3,288 bytes added ,  30 January
m
→‎Locative verbs: me > ne + updated semantic range
m (→‎Romanisation: Apostrophe)
m (→‎Locative verbs: me > ne + updated semantic range)
 
(21 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 185: Line 185:
==Morphology==
==Morphology==


Ash does not mark words for number, person or case. It can be analysed as having only three word classes: verbs, nominals and converbs. Nonetheless there is a degree of mobility between them.
Ash does not mark words for number, person, or case. It can be analysed as having only three word classes: verbs, nominals, and converbs. Nonetheless there is a degree of mobility between them.


=== Verbs ===
=== Verbs ===
Line 277: Line 277:
|}
|}


Any phrase can be nominalised using a classificatory topic marker (see below). When marked for the locative (see also below), these can be used to connect possessum to possessor. Verbs and converbs require a nominalising particle in the form of an unstressed determiner—either the generic {{ash|n}} or one of the deictic {{ash|e}} and {{ash|o}} (again see below)—which attaches directly to the classifier if present.
Any phrase can be nominalised using an unstressed determiner usually followed by a classificatory topic marker (see below). Proper nouns do not need the determiner. When marked for the locative (see also below), these can be used to connect possessum to possessor. Verbs and converbs require a nominalising particle in the form of an unstressed determiner—either the generic {{ash|n}} or one of the deictic {{ash|e}} and {{ash|o}} (again see below)—which attaches directly to the classifier if present.


{{gloss
{{gloss
Line 344: Line 344:
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs===


While Ash lacks a set of first, second and third person pronouns, a system of so called conjunct versus disjunct verb forms can be used in combination with transitivity markers and deixis in order to more or less unambiguously cover the same ground. This concept is also known in the literature as assertor's involvement marking, which might give the reader a clearer idea of the concept: verbs are marked for whether the one making an assertion is involved in the action (conjunct) or not (disjunct). Unlike some languages however, the assertor in Ash is always the speaker, even in reported speech.
While Ash lacks a set of first, second, and third person pronouns, a system of so called conjunct versus disjunct verb forms can be used in combination with agency (transitivity and volition) markers and deixis in order to more or less unambiguously cover the same ground. This concept is also known in the literature as assertor's involvement marking, which might give the reader a clearer idea of the concept: verbs are marked for whether the one making an assertion is involved in the action (conjunct) or not (disjunct). Unlike some languages however, the assertor in Ash is always the speaker, even in reported speech.


Conjunct is marked by the suffix {{ash|-s}} and disjunct is unmarked.
Conjunct is marked by the suffix {{ash|-s}} and disjunct is unmarked.
Line 403: Line 403:
As the conjunct form denotes merely whether the assertor is somehow involved in the action, the assertor need not necessarily be the agent. A conjunct form would still be used to denote first person involvement as a patient in some statements.
As the conjunct form denotes merely whether the assertor is somehow involved in the action, the assertor need not necessarily be the agent. A conjunct form would still be used to denote first person involvement as a patient in some statements.


{{gloss
{{interlinear|abbreviations=PROX:proximal deixis; INTS:intensive; MOD:modal auxiliary verb; CLF:classifier auxiliary verb; INV:inverse agency; CONJ:conjunct involvement
|phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo ya ẻsbadsas yo {{AshMidhook|ảo}} ga}}
|{{ash|ẽbmo͠o mo}} {{ash|ya ẻsbadsas yo}} {{ash|ảo ga}}
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=CLF DET:PROX=PROX-INV-hand.INTS-CONJ=MOD:DECL Ao=CLF
|PROX-head{{=}}CLF DET{{=}}PROX-INV-braid-CONJ{{=}}MOD Ao{{=}}CLF
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair.
|Ao is braiding my hair.
}}
}}


Line 619: Line 619:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Declarative
! Declarative
| {{ash|ebadsa yo}}<br />"(really, obviously) they're weaving"
|-
! Negative
! Negative
| {{ash|ebadsa ma}}<br />"they're not weaving"
|-
! Interrogative
! Interrogative
| {{ash|ebadsa no}}<br />"are they weaving?", "maybe they're weaving"
|-
! Felicitative
! Felicitative
| {{ash|ebadsa sa}}<br />"(I'm pleased that) they're weaving"
|-
! Miserative
! Miserative
|-
| {{ash|ebadsa na}}<br />"(I'm displeased that) they're weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa yo}}<br />"(really) weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa ma}}<br />"not weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa no}}<br />"weaving?", "maybe weaving"
| {{ash|ebadsa sa}}<br />"weaving, happy to say"
| {{ash|ebadsa na}}<br />"weaving, unfortunately"
|}
|}


Line 637: Line 640:
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! Experiential
! Experiential
! Reportative
| {{ash|ebadsa e}}<br />"(evidently) they're weaving"
|-
! Inferential
| {{ash|obadsa me}}<br />"(I have a feeling) they were weaving"
|-
! Narrative
| {{ash|obadsa ga}}<br />"(it goes that) they were weaving"
|-
|-
| {{ash|ebadsa e}}<br />"(evidently) weaving"
! Direct report
| {{ash|ebadsa ga}}<br />"(allegedly) weaving"
| {{ash|obadsa hga}}<br />"(they told me) they were weaving"
|-
! Indirect report
| {{ash|obadsa wwa}}<br />"(they were told) someone was weaving"
|}
|}
Note how most of these take the distal prefix {{ash|o-}} as the speaker cannot be currently present to confirm their veracity. The inferential falls somewhere between modality and evidentiality and makes sense with any deixis depending on the situation and the verb.


==Locative verbs==
==Locative verbs==
Line 686: Line 700:
|-
|-
| {{ash|mea}}
| {{ash|mea}}
| {{ash|me}}
| {{ash|ne}}
| :PYR
| :PYR
| Fire (by extension core or centre)
| Inside, essence, fire
|-
|-
| {{ash|baa}}
| {{ash|baa}}
Line 865: Line 879:
===Colour terms===
===Colour terms===


Colours are mainly expressed through qualitative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as {{ash|mea}} "fire" → {{ash|nayya}} "red; yellow; orange; brown" or {{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}}}} "sea" → {{ash|ảyya}} "blue; green". They are used together with attributive verbs.
Colours are mainly expressed through qualitative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as {{ash|mea}} "fire" → {{ash|nayya}} "red; yellow; orange; brown" or {{ash|{{AshMidhook|ảo}}}} "sea" → {{ash|ảyya}} "blue; green". They are used together with attributive verbs, which have longer allomorphs in subordinating position.


<div class="ash-columns">
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|nayy’ oada bahba go}}
|phrase={{ash|bahba go nayy’ <u>oa</u> we}}
|gloss=fire-CVB:QUAL shine.ATTR dog=CLF
|gloss=dog=CLF fire-CVB:QUAL <u>shine</u>=MOD
|translation=A brown dog.
|translation=The dog is brown.
}}
}}
</div>
<div class="ash-column">
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|e nayy’ <u>oada</u> bahba go}}
|gloss=MOD=fire-CVB:QUAL <u>shine.ATTR</u> dog=CLF
|translation=It's a brown dog.
}}
</div>
</div>


===Weather and phenomena===
===Weather and phenomena===
Line 890: Line 915:
|translation=They said the rain was battering them over there.
|translation=They said the rain was battering them over there.
}}
}}
===Reported speech===
As mentioned previously, while languages with speaker's involvement marking will often express reported speech from the perspective of the one whose speech is being reported, this is not the case in Ash. However there are direct and indirect modals for reported speech in Ash which may depend on who was talking to whom. Some examples follow below.
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga ỏsgaas yo ebmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DIST-INV-say-CONJ=MOD:DECL PROX-head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=Dosmo told me my head is big.
}}
Here the speaker uses the declarative modal {{ash|yo}} as they were spoken to directly so no evidential is needed. The actual reported speech is followed by the {{ash|ıhga}} modal marking a direct report, i.e. something the speaker heard personally.
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa e oas ga yy oa gõ bmo͠o na booda hga}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=DIST-DIR-say=MOD:EXP Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:DIR
|translation=I saw/heard Dosmo tell Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
}}
This sentence has more referents and so additional markers are necessary to keep track of things. The experiential evidential {{ash|e}} is now used as the speaker was not spoken to but merely witnessed a conversation. The contrastive function of determiners is used to shift the topic back to Dosmo after Oas is introduced.
{{gloss
|phrase={{ash|dosmo ga wa ỏhgaa hga oas ga yy obmo͠o na booda wwa}}
|gloss=Dosmo=CLF DET=DIST-DIR-say=MOD:DIR Oas=CLF MOD:DECL DET=CLF head=CLF big=MOD:INDIR
|translation=I'm told Dosmo told Oas their (Dosmo's) head is big.
}}
This last example uses {{ash|ıhga}} in the first half to denote that the speaker was told by someone else what Dosmo had said and so the actual speech must be reported using the indirect speech report marker {{ash|ıwwa}} instead.
<div begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/><div style="display:none;">
PROX:proximal deixis
INTS:intensive
MOD:modal auxiliary verb
CLF:classifier auxiliary verb
INV:inverse agency
CONJ:conjunct involvement
</div><div end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
Prinsessa
1,088

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/345764...346911"