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|imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | |imagecaption = [[Verse:Ash/Onnawasta|Onnawasta]] emblem of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] | ||
|name = Ash | |name = Ash | ||
|nativename = | |nativename = {{ash|ảhga}} | ||
|pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqə] | |pronunciation = [ˈʔɑħˌqə] | ||
|creator = [[User:Prinsessa]] | |creator = [[User:Prinsessa]] | ||
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==Introduction== | ==Introduction== | ||
'''Ash''' ( | '''Ash''' ({{ash|ảhga}}, lit. "seaspeak", IPA [ˈʔɑħˌqə]) is the anglicised name of a language mostly spoken around coastal areas, notably the town of [[Verse:Ash/Appa|Appa]] ({{ash|ảhba}}). Its speakers are familiar with technological advancements such as nautical vessels and steam locomotives. | ||
The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | The language is synthetic, largely based around agglutination with fusional elements. There is a great focus on verbs, nominals being mostly uninflected, and significant pro-drop tendencies and a general focus around deixis rather than pronominal distinctions. The word order is heavily SOV. | ||
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{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| a | | {{ash|a}} | ||
| ı | | {{ash|ı}} | ||
| e | | {{ash|e}} | ||
| y | | {{ash|y}} | ||
| o | | {{ash|o}} | ||
| w | | {{ash|w}} | ||
| b | | {{ash|b}} | ||
| d | | {{ash|d}} | ||
| g | | {{ash|g}} | ||
| l | | {{ash|l}} | ||
| s | | {{ash|s}} | ||
| h | | {{ash|h}} | ||
| m | | {{ash|m}} | ||
| n | | {{ash|n}} | ||
| ŋ | | {{ash|ŋ}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Tilde (e.g. | Tilde (e.g. {{ash|ã}}) is used to mark nasalisation, doubly wide (e.g. {{ash|a͠a}}) on long vowels and diphthongs. Hook above (e.g. {{ash|ả}}) denotes a word-initial glottal. | ||
An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | An example of a word with its archiphonemic, phonemic and surface transcriptions as well as romanisation: | ||
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| → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}} | | → {{IPA|/ʔiʔˈwu.wi/}} | ||
| → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}} | | → {{IPA|[çɪʍˈʍʊ͡ɪ̯ː]}} | ||
| → | | → {{ash|ẻhhoe}} "hungry" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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====Stems==== | ====Stems==== | ||
Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) indicative, is used as the lemma when citing words, such as | Each verb has a set of primary stems formed more or less predictably from a combination of affixes. The first stem, the stative (or active, if there is no stative) indicative, is used as the lemma when citing words, such as {{ash|oa}} "to shine", also a good example of the versatile morphophonology: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Indicative | ! Indicative | ||
| | | {{ash|'''oa'''}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oahda}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oadna}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oasda}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Optative | ! Optative | ||
| | | {{ash|oae}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oadse}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oadne}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oasde}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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====Derived verbs==== | ====Derived verbs==== | ||
Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative | Derivational suffixes can be used to extend the root and create a new set of stems, such as the causative {{ash|-y-}} or the frequentative {{ash|-(d)s-}}, which can themselves, depending on the word, be stative or active (all derived verbs are inherently one or the other or both and do not display the allomorphy of basic verbs). These are some of the words derived from {{ash|oo}} "consume": | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Frequentative | ! Frequentative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|'''oo'''}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oyya}} | ||
| | | {{ash|odsa}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Nominals=== | ===Nominals=== | ||
Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix | Nominals are mostly unmarked. A handful of inherited inalienably possessed nominals are however obligatorily marked with a prefix or that disappears during incorporation into a verb. This possessive prefix {{ash|n-}} can be preceded by a deictic prefix. Here are the possessed forms of {{ash|mo͠o}} "head; hair", an inalienably possessed nominal: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Distal | ! Distal | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|ĩbmo͠o}} | ||
| | | {{ash|ẽbmo͠o}} | ||
| | | {{ash|õbmo͠o}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| | | {{ash|-la}}, {{ash|-da}} | ||
| | | {{ash|-s}} | ||
| | | {{ash|ınsooda}} "where they live; by the house; at home" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Durative | ! Durative | ||
| | | {{ash|-ga}}, {{ash|-ya}} | ||
| | | {{ash|-h}} | ||
| | | {{ash|oadnah}} "when it gets bright; in the morning" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Benefactive | ! Benefactive | ||
| | | {{ash|-ba}}, {{ash|-wa}} | ||
| | | {{ash|-o}} | ||
| | | {{ash|eahba}} "in order to see" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Semblative | ! Semblative | ||
| | | {{ash|-ya}} | ||
| | | {{ash|-e}} | ||
| | | {{ash|ảyya}} "sea-like; blue; green" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Proximal | ! Proximal | ||
| | | {{ash|e-}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Distal | ! Distal | ||
| | | {{ash|o-}} | ||
|} | |} | ||
Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals | Deixis occurs in the form of isolated nominals {{ash|ea}} and {{ash|oa}}. In verbs with some form of agency marker, the prefixes irregularly assimilate to it, retaining the initial glottal stop but displacing the vowel, e.g. {{ash|*e-ả-}} becomes {{ash|ẻ-}}. | ||
===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ===Conjunct and disjunct verbs=== | ||
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In simple statements the assertor defaults to the speaker (i.e. first person) but in questions to the addressee (second person). In reported speech the assertor defaults to the source of the quote and may therefore also take on a third person role. First and second person roles are associated with proximal deixis while third person is associated with distal deixis or an explicit nominal. | In simple statements the assertor defaults to the speaker (i.e. first person) but in questions to the addressee (second person). In reported speech the assertor defaults to the source of the quote and may therefore also take on a third person role. First and second person roles are associated with proximal deixis while third person is associated with distal deixis or an explicit nominal. | ||
Conjunct is marked by the suffix | Conjunct is marked by the suffix {{ash|-s}} and disjunct is unmarked. | ||
====Simple intransitives==== | ====Simple intransitives==== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea<u>s</u>}}<br />"I am warm" | ||
| - | | - | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea<u>s</u> no}}<br />"are you warm?" | ||
| - | | - | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea}}<br />"you are warm" | ||
| | | {{ash|(oa go) emea}}<br />"they are warm" | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea no}}<br />"am I warm?" | ||
| | | {{ash|(oa go) emea no}}<br />"are they warm?" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct | ! Conjunct | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) ẻhhea<u>s</u> yo}}<br />"I look at you" | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo}}<br />"you look at me" | ||
| | | {{ash|(oa go) ẻhhea<u>s</u> yo}}<br />"I look at them" | ||
| | | {{ash|(oa go) ẻssea<u>s</u> yo}}<br />"they look at me" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct | ! Disjunct | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) ẻhhea yo}}<br />"you look at them" | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) ẻssea yo}}<br />"they look at you" | ||
| | | {{ash|(oa go) ẻhhea yo}}<br />"they<sub>1</sub> look at them<sub>2</sub>" | ||
| | | {{ash|(oa go) ẻssea yo}}<br />"they<sub>2</sub> look at them<sub>1</sub>" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Conjunct target | ! Conjunct target | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo}}<br />"I said I am warm" | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea<u>s</u> (ea go) ogaa yo}}<br />"you said you are warm" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Disjunct target | ! Disjunct target | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa<u>s</u> yo}}<br />"I said you are warm" | ||
| | | {{ash|(ea go) emea (ea go) ogaa yo}}<br />"you said I am warm" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL | |gloss=PROX-POSS-head=TOP:CRESC Ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u> | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>hh</u>ea ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>DIR</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | ||
|translation=Ao is looking at the dog | |translation=Ao is looking at the dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ẻ<u>ss</u>ea ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog PROX-<u>INV</u>-see.ACT.IND=REP | ||
|translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | |translation=Ao is being watched by the dog | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase={{ash|ẻhheas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL | |gloss=PROX-DIR-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=I am looking at them | |translation=I am looking at them | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ẻsseas e | |phrase={{ash|ẻsseas e}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=EXP | |gloss=PROX-INV-see.ACT.IND-CONJ=EXP | ||
|translation=they are looking at me | |translation=they are looking at me | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnah | |phrase={{ash|oadnah ảesa͠as yo}} | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR REFL.PROX-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=I wash in the morning | |translation=I wash in the morning | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=oadnah ảo ga | |phrase={{ash|oadnah ảo ga ảesa͠a ma}} | ||
|gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND=NEG | |gloss=shine.INCH.IND-CVB:DUR ao=TOP:ACT REFL.DIST-LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND=NEG | ||
|translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | |translation=Ao doesn't wash in the morning | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảhbadsas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=you are braiding my hair | |translation=you are braiding my hair | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ẻobadsas yo}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC PROX PROX-REFL.PROX-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ=DECL | ||
|translation=I am braiding my hair | |translation=I am braiding my hair | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba ỏd<u>s</u>oyya ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog DIST-DIR-<u>water</u>-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba meh<u>da</u> odsoyya ga}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | |gloss=ao=TOP:ACT dog burn-<u>CVB:LOC</u> DIST-DIR-water-consume.CAUS.IND=REP | ||
|translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | |translation=Ao was giving the dog water to drink by the fire | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| | | {{ash|bahba go ảhhea yo}}<br />"dogs watch it" | ||
| | | {{ash|bahba go ảssea yo}}<br />"dogs are watched" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| | | {{ash|sa͠a da ảhhea yo}}<br />"water is watched" | ||
| | | {{ash|*sa͠a da ảssea yo}}<br />(ungrammatical) | ||
|} | |} | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Animate | ! Animate | ||
| | | {{ash|ảo ga <u>bahba</u> ỏhhea e}}<br />"Ao was looking at the dog" | ||
| | | {{ash|<u>bahba go</u> ảo ỏssea e}}<br />"it was the dog Ao was looking at" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Inanimate | ! Inanimate | ||
| | | {{ash|ảo ga <u>sa͠a</u> ỏhyoo e}}<br />"Ao was drinking water" | ||
| | | {{ash|<u>sa͠a da</u> ảo ỏhyoo e}}<br />"it was water Ao was drinking" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2</sub> | |phrase={{ash|[owahdah bahba go ỏssoyya]<sub>1</sub> [ewahdah ẻsseaŋas yo]<sub>2}}</sub> | ||
|gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub> | |gloss=[DIST shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR dog=TOP:ACT DIST-INV-consume.CAUS.IND]<sub>1</sub> [PROX shine.ACT.IND-CVB:DUR PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=DECL]<sub>2</sub> | ||
|translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | |translation=[today I saw]<sub>2</sub> [the dog that (you) fed yesterday]<sub>1</sub> | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no | |phrase={{ash|osya bahba go ẻsseaŋas no}} | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT shine.STAT.IND PROX-INV-see.INCH.IND-CONJ=Q | ||
|translation=have you seen the white dog? | |translation=have you seen the white dog? | ||
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! Desiderative | ! Desiderative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|ebadsa yo}}<br />"(really) weaving" | ||
| | | {{ash|ebadsa}}<br />"weaving" | ||
| | | {{ash|ebadsa ma}}<br />"not weaving" | ||
| | | {{ash|ebadse sa}}<br />"hopefully weaving" | ||
|} | |} | ||
====Evidentiality==== | ====Evidentiality==== | ||
Reduced forms of some verbs can function as evidential markers, such as | Reduced forms of some verbs can function as evidential markers, such as {{ash|e}} for direct experience and {{ash|ga}} for hearsay. | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
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! Reportative | ! Reportative | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|ebadsa e}}<br />"(evidently) weaving" | ||
| | | {{ash|ebadsa ga}}<br />"(allegedly) weaving" | ||
|} | |} | ||
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! Semantic range | ! Semantic range | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|laa}} | ||
| | | {{ash|la}} | ||
| :STAT | | :STAT | ||
| General stative (indefinite or permanent) | | General stative (indefinite or permanent) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|goo}} | ||
| | | {{ash|go}} | ||
| :ACT | | :ACT | ||
| General active (temporary or dynamic) | | General active (temporary or dynamic) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|sa͠a}} | ||
| | | {{ash|sa}} | ||
| :LIQ | | :LIQ | ||
| Water and other liquids | | Water and other liquids | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|see}} | ||
| | | {{ash|se}} | ||
| :AER | | :AER | ||
| Air and weather | | Air and weather | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|boa}} | ||
| | | {{ash|bo}} | ||
| :CRESC | | :CRESC | ||
| Growth (hair, plants et c.) | | Growth (hair, plants et c.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|doo}} | ||
| | | {{ash|do}} | ||
| :PART | | :PART | ||
| Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.) | | Particles (powder, sand, dust, smoke, spores et c.) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|mea}} | ||
| | | {{ash|me}} | ||
| :PYR | | :PYR | ||
| Fire (by extension core or centre) | | Fire (by extension core or centre) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | {{ash|baa}} | ||
| | | {{ash|ba}} | ||
| :MAN | | :MAN | ||
| Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | | Hand and instrumental (things held; implements and tools) | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o bo}} | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:CRESC | ||
|translation=hair (on the head) | |translation=hair (on the head) | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase={{ash|ĩbmo͠o da}} | ||
|gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | |gloss=POSS-head=TOP:STAT | ||
|translation=head (on the body) | |translation=head (on the body) | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase= | |phrase={{ash|ẽbmo͠o bo ảo ẻhbadsas}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-INAL-head=TOP:CRESC ao PROX-DIR-hand.FREQ.IND-CONJ | ||
|translation=Ao is braiding my hair | |translation=Ao is braiding my hair | ||
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{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e | |phrase={{ash|ảo ga bahba go onda egoa e}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.IND=EXP | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS dog=TOP:ACT DIST-CVB:LOC PROX-CVB:LOC:ACT.IND=EXP | ||
|translation=Ao and the dog are over there | |translation=Ao and the dog are over there | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo sas | |phrase={{ash|ảo sas sa͠a}} | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:LIQ.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | |translation=(be) in the ocean; at sea | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo sas laa | |phrase={{ash|ảo sas laa}} | ||
|gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | |gloss=sea=TOP:LIQ-CVB:LOC LOC:STAT.STAT/ACT.IND | ||
|translation=(be) by the sea | |translation=(be) by the sea | ||
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===Possession=== | ===Possession=== | ||
Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser | Unstressed locative verbs marked with the locative converbialiser {{ash|-s}} serve to mark the possessor of a possessum. | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=ảo gas osee go | |phrase={{ash|ảo gas osee go}} | ||
|gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL | |gloss=ao=TOP:PERS-CVB:LOC breath=TOP:ORAL | ||
|translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao") | |translation=Ao's breath (lit. "breath at Ao") | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ẻhhodses | |phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ | ||
|translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | |translation=I want/need to eat; I am hungry | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=ẻhhodses no | |phrase={{ash|ẻhhodses no}} | ||
|gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q | |gloss=PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT-CONJ=Q | ||
|translation=perhaps I should eat something | |translation=perhaps I should eat something | ||
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|{{gloss | |{{gloss | ||
|phrase=bahba go ẻhhodse no | |phrase={{ash|bahba go ẻhhodse no}} | ||
|gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q | |gloss=dog=TOP:ACT PROX-DIR-consume.FREQ.ACT.OPT=Q | ||
|translation=maybe the dog is hungry | |translation=maybe the dog is hungry | ||
Line 741: | Line 741: | ||
===Colour terms=== | ===Colour terms=== | ||
Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as | Colours are mainly expressed through semblative converbs, likening the appearance of the referent to something else, such as {{ash|mea}} "fire" → {{ash|nayya}} "red; yellow; orange; brown" or {{ash|ảo}} "sea" → {{ash|ảyya}} "blue; green". | ||
{{gloss | {{gloss | ||
|phrase=nayya bahba go | |phrase={{ash|nayya bahba go}} | ||
|gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | |gloss=fire-CVB:SEMB dog=TOP:ACT | ||
|translation=a brown dog | |translation=a brown dog |
edits